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《故宫院长说故宫》 故宫的红,是大紫大红

2017-09-08 07:32:00   中国青年网

而建筑的色彩,以紫和红为主。“整个北京城都是灰色的,除了紫禁城,正如这个名字一样,紫和红是它的主色调。你置身在故宫之中,放眼望去,你会不由自主地产生视觉上的错觉,你看到的红,不是红,是大紫大红。但如果你站在高处,又变成满目皆黄了。”李文儒说,在紫禁城,围墙是红还是黄、屋顶是黄还是灰,只能由当时的皇帝批准后才能使用。

值得一提的是,紫禁城中的建筑,有些部位是永远见不到太阳的,这样的地方就需要更为出色的装饰——彩绘。“紫禁城建筑占地面积约16万平方米,有彩绘的建筑占地面积约14万平方米。”李文儒说,皇宫的彩绘以青、绿、红、金为主色,其实几乎所有的色彩都用遍了。

好看归好看,但绝不允许为了好看乱了规矩,“好看必须服从等级,一定得按照等级。最高等级叫和玺彩绘,以龙凤图案为核心,大面积贴金,用于紫禁城中轴线上的大殿及其他宫殿区域帝后出入的殿堂。次一等级的叫旋子彩绘,多用于次要的宫殿、配殿、门廊等。”李文儒说。

封侯

乾隆如此抬举一棵树

李文儒透露,在紫禁城里的主要场所,特别是在举行隆重仪式的大场面里看不到花草树木,看不到生命的绿色,只有一些边缘地带才有。御花园里,最多的不是讨妃嫔们欢喜的花朵,而是遒劲苍翠的柏树,所谓“御园古柏森森列”就是这个景象了。

在这深宫禁院,连人的生命都轻如草芥,乾隆却曾对一株柏树的死活相当在乎,还给这株柏树封了侯。“据乾隆皇帝自己说,他在下江南的船上做了一个梦,梦见御花园里的这株柏树跟着他下江南了。江南太阳如火,这柏树就站出来为他遮荫。回宫后,乾隆皇帝特地到御花园看望了这株柏树,并亲封此柏为‘遮荫侯’。”如今,这株有侯爵之尊的柏树,在摛藻堂与堆秀山之间,一堆枯柏藤萝的北边,至少660多岁了。

除此之外,御花园里还有一株又一株的“连理柏”。但据李文儒研究所得,这紫禁城里的24位皇帝,并不关心“在天愿作比翼鸟,在地愿为连理枝”的世俗意愿。他们关注的是史籍中“王者德化洽,八方合一家,则木连理”的记载,相信的是“木同木异枝,其君有庆”的说法。

像这样与大众对故宫认知完全不同的,紫禁城里还有很多。比如,景山原来并不是山,是河泥堆积多了成了山。李文儒说:“挖护城河挖出来的上百万立方米的土石,运往紫禁城的正北面,为紫禁城堆起了一座永久的靠山;河泥一旦成山,则成为悠然登临的看城之山(所以称景山)。”

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