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两大国内音乐巨头又尬上了,快看看国外经验是怎么处理音乐版权问题的

2017-09-07 10:45:41   中国青年网

为了优化一揽子授权许可的不足,1941年美国司法部与ASCAP、BMI达成合意裁决(Consent Decree),允许集体著作权管理组织采用一揽子许可或单一项目许可(per program basis)两种途径进行授权。不同于一揽子许可,单一项目授权许可需要音乐使用者定期向著作权管理组织提供具体的播放内容(通常为每月一次),版税结算也视具体情况而定。

为了更好地监测版权使用情况,美国三大著作权管理组织还通过对电台、电视、网站以及表演场所等可能的音乐版权使用场合进行密切的计算和监测。比如,广播组织出身的BMI拥有一套遍布全美地区的电台扫描检测系统,全天候监测全国超过2000家大小电台,并自动匹配、计算音乐作品的使用情况,遏制了版权侵权行为。

值得注意的是,针对现场表演,ASCAP和BMI还为此分别研制开发了Onstage、BMI Live系统,鼓励会员自己上传作品被现场表演的基本信息,如演出信息、歌曲名字等。PROs再根据这些演出的规模、类型等因素,来计算音乐作品的版税收益。

2)欧盟模式:音乐曲库在欧盟范围内统一管理,允许跨区域使用

欧盟模式相比美国模式跨区域性质更加明显。1926年,为了巩固和加强协作关系,欧洲国家18个著作权集体管理组织在巴黎成立了国际作者作曲者协会联合会(简称CISAC),成为欧盟比较有代表性的著作权集体管理组织。

2014年,欧盟委员会通过的《关于著作权和邻接权以及内部市场音乐作品线上使用的跨国权利许可指令》(简称《指令》),明文规定权利人可以自由加入或退出著作权集体管理组织。同时,新增音乐作品线上权利的跨国许可,减少了地域阻隔性,在版权使用费的收取和分配方面进行调整,细化了内外部监督机制。在提升透明度的同时,为互联网时代下音乐作品的广泛传播提供了极大便利。这让《指令》被誉为是欧盟著作权集体管理制度发展史上的里程碑,推动了欧盟文化一体化进程。

在欧盟音乐著作权的集体管理中,目前存在着曲库独立和曲库合并两种情况。环球、索尼、华纳等全球大型唱片公司,可以将其曲库独立授权给某个组织(例如环球授权给DEAL),并在欧盟范围内统一管理,进行跨区域使用。除此之外,各国著作权集体管理组织之间也会共同成立相关机构,合并管理各自曲库在欧盟范围内的跨区域授权。例如,英国PRS、德国GEMA、瑞典STIM就共同设立ICE,统一管理网络跨区域授权。

欧盟各国在音乐著作权方面两百多年的丰富经验,使其著作权集体管理组织运行机制更加成熟,可以有效集中资源,发挥规模效应,减少管理成本。更避免了因管理范围重叠引发的权限不清问题,可以最大程度上实现著作权人的利益。

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