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两大国内音乐巨头又尬上了,快看看国外经验是怎么处理音乐版权问题的

2017-09-07 10:45:41   中国青年网

英美法系(指美国和英国)则一般采用自由竞争型的集体管理模式,一个领域内允许有两个或两个以上集体管理组织互相竞争。这一模式从制度上推崇竞争,强调集体管理组织之间以及著作权人与集体管理组织之间的竞争,同时辅之以适当的行政和司法介入。例如,美国有三大著作权集体管理组织(PROS):即ASCAP(美国作曲家、作家与出版者协会)、BMI(音乐广播公司)和SESAC(欧洲戏剧作家和作曲家协会)等。其优点是市场准入的自由,可以有效遏制获得垄断地位的组织索获取高额许可费的行为。各机构为了获得竞争优势,也往往采取最有效的运作方式,尽力获取用户、降低成本,让权利人获得更多版税收入。

针对这两种模式,国际社会并没有证据显示出何者更为优越。但可以明确的是,这两种模式造就了全球最发达的音乐市场。其共同特点是,音乐版权的集体管理机构均是中立的、第三方组织,而非有利益、市场诉求的版权使用者(盈利性组织极少,且市场份额极低)。同时,拥有版权而试图垄断的行为被严厉压制,即便是采取半官方、大一统集体管理制度的国家,都会严防版权管理组织利用优势地位、获取高许可费的可能性。这一点与中国目前音乐版权市场的情况明显不同。

二、国外版权集体管理组织如何运转?

1、著作权管理组织的主要职责:帮助音乐人和唱片公司获得版权收入

虽然各国规定有微妙区别,但国外著作权集体管理机构的主要职责均是,帮助版权所有者追踪、收集、清算和分配各项版税,并收取一定??的服务费,用做管理版权事务、维系组织生存的重要收入来源。另外,部分著作权管理组织也会进行涉及版权相关的诉讼、仲裁等,部分机构还会帮助会员获取工作机会。

2、任何人或机构都可以加入和退出著作权管理组织

对于大多数著作权管理组织,任何人只需提交一定的会费即可成为组织会员。美国ASCAP的会费是50美元,BMI是150美元,SESAC免费,但只向其主动邀请的艺人开放。多数著作权管理组织加入无需提供作品,少量如日本JASRAC的组织会要求申请者的作品在过去一年需要曾“被他人使用”,未被播放的歌曲作者无法入会。总体而言,音乐人加入集体管理组织的门槛极低。

创作人、唱片公司在一定的窗口期后可以选择退出或移籍其他著作权集体管理组织,期限从1年到5年不等。比如,美国ASCAP的合同期通常是1 ?;BMI对词曲作者、词曲代理商的合约期则分别是2年和5年;SESAC的合同期是3年。合约结束后,即可延期或退出。

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