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南新仓:全国仅存的9座皇家仓厫

2017-09-07 04:26:42   中国青年网

漕粮多寡是朝代兴衰最敏锐的水银柱。明永乐时期,北运的漕粮每年达到400万石,是元代的数倍。朱棣一方面大肆修船建仓,一方面在今东城区裱褙胡同设立总督仓场公署,统筹漕运仓储大业。南新仓就是于永乐七年(1409年),在元代北太仓的基础上建立起来的。之后朱棣还在北京设立军卫,专司守卫仓储皇粮。南新仓升帐为中心仓,管辖8个卫仓。

清代,通惠河在康熙时期最为兴盛。康熙帝曾把三藩、河务、漕运当作统摄天下的三件大事,“书而悬之宫柱之上”。康熙三十五年(1696年)疏浚通惠河,航运能力大增。千古名画《潞河督运图》,真实再现了当时通州段的繁荣景况,形如《清明上河图》转世。次年,为了使漕粮自大通桥水运至东直门、朝阳门一带京师诸仓,又复浚护城河。诸位皇帝大人为了京城血脉畅达,也算是没少烧脑啊。

身为皇家御用,南新仓更是频频变脸。史载:南新仓在清朝初期有廒46座;康熙三十三年(1694年)添建5座,五十五年(1716年)添建5座;雍正元年(1723年)添建9座;乾隆元年(1736年)添建1座,到宣统年间又增建到76廒。南新仓的迅速膨胀,既彰显了大运河造福社会的伟业丰功,也无情地拉黑了封建专制帝国的奢靡和卑污。

建筑宝库中的一朵奇葩

南新仓让人们惊讶不已的不仅是规模庞大,更有独树一帜的建筑造诣。人们以为那些秫米,要比人类好伺候多了。其实不然,秫米的保鲜常在毫厘之间,温度、湿度、密实度,以致周边的气味和噪音,都可能成为秒杀的黑手,而“朕”的舌尖则是最冷酷的判官。

明代时期,南新仓在构造上以廒为贮藏单位,每5间为一廒。每廒面阔约23.8米,进深为17.6米,高约7.5米,前后出檐。南新仓的一切都是顶级标配,院墙全部用城墙的大城砖砌成,坚如磐石。仓房亦为砖砌,五花山墙,围墙厚达1.3米至1.5米。廒架结构基本采用独棵圆木,巨大而珍贵的木料伐自四川、湖南、湖北、江西、浙江、山西等地,圆木直径必须在30厘米-60厘米之间。

廒砖产自山东临清县,大城砖每块长约45.5厘米,宽约22.5厘米,高约11.5厘米,重达25公斤,即使壮硕的小伙子扛在肩上也不轻松。仓房的墙砖虽然较小,那也足有12公斤重。瓦则产自山西。所有这些都是经过严格检验和测量的,在皇上眼皮底下没人敢搞“豆腐渣”工程。

清代仓廒建筑技术较之元、明又上层楼。为防止水淹,地下修有排水管道;为了防潮,每座仓廒的地基都是三合土夯筑的,然后铺撒一层白灰,再用砖铺地面,上加楞木,最后铺满松板;为通风以透泻郁热之气,每座仓廒设有气楼和闸板;廒的墙体底部厚达1.5米,顶部约为1米,足以确保粮仓内部温度的恒定——何为“匠心”,在南新仓你会找到最权威的诠释。

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