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央广《王冠红人馆》财经报告:马克龙启动劳工改革,破除沉疴胜算几何?
法国的劳动法规长达3000页,从工资谈判到办公室通风标准,涉及的内容无所不包。先不说这3000页的劳工法能否实施,如此庞杂的劳动保护制度,法律长期对劳动力的过度保护,对企业来说,不管是招工、员工福利以及解约,都要谨而慎之。企业在雇佣劳工时顾虑重重,而这也是法国失业率高企的部分原因。
一个简单的例子可以说明法国失业率高的复杂程度。法国企业受制于劳动法限制,法国用人单位如果解雇签订长期就业雇佣合同的正式员工往往会付出很多代价,甚至对簿公堂的事件也时有发生。2011年法国超市家乐福因不遵守最低工资标准规定将被罚366万欧元。根据每家超市受害员工的投诉情况共有1830项罚款,家乐福总共需支付366万欧元。法国的最低收入制度,也就是法国人常说的SMIC(Le salaire minimum de croissance)从2016年1月起再次上调。法国的最低工资增至1466.62欧元(151.67小时/月,税前),税后大约1200欧元。还有,在法国的公司还要给员工缴各种保险(Cotisation)大约占工资总额的8%,引得不少企业主"为财所困",难以腾出资金开拓市场与产品研发,进而造成市场竞争力下降,一些企业甚至因此彻底退出法国市场。
所以,在法国,人工费是一项很大的支出 。法国公司聘用一个人会很谨慎。当然,法国对失业人员的补贴和家庭最低补助,也会助长一部分人的懒惰,从而进一步增加失业率。在法国,有部分人几乎完全依靠政府提供的各种福利生活,长期就业合同通常不明确标示合同终止期限,如果被炒鱿鱼可以立刻申领失业补助。并且劳动法中,企业不可以轻易解雇员工导致难以对旗下员工作出调整,故而法国企业目前员工超编的现象较为普遍。
此外,法国最新劳动法规定,晚上6点后到早上9点之前的非正常工作时间,公司将不允许向员工发送邮件,也不可以向员工打电话。这在移动互联时代导致办公效率大大下降,与时代脱节。
法国地铁罢工
劳工制度痼疾 限制法国经济发展
三、前瞻--痼疾改革必定艰难 前路漫漫仍需观望
劳工制度改革必定会触及到很多人的利益,长期形成的痼疾也有很强的惯性,政府改革的阻力相当大。在重视保障劳工权益的法国,劳动法改革一向是敏感议题。2016年,奥朗德推行的改革措施曾引发全国性罢工和抗议潮,甚至导致暴力冲突和人员伤亡。
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