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坦赞铁路项目启动50周年 当年建设者揭秘:“坦赞铁路语”

2017-09-05 08:22:26   央广网

第一次出国的杜坚和同事们还没来得及好好感受非洲的风情万种,就被分到了坦赞铁路的沿线工地。“当时有从国内运去的大巴拉着大家在坦桑达累斯萨拉姆市里面转两圈,有规定不让到市里逛,然后拉到铁路接待站上3天学习班,学习班里讲意义、讲当地的规章等。学习班之后分配到铁路的沿线,铁路修建最高峰时有1.6万人,高潮时在公路上走随时都可以遇到中国人。”

比杜坚晚几个月去非洲的杨德瑞远没有那么幸运,晕船的他坐了二十几天的客轮才抵达赞比亚。终于上岸了的杨德瑞说,眼前出现的工地让他感到措手不及。“工地是一个帐篷,4个人一间,一个行军床,一顶蚊帐,一套行李。驻地就是在公路边上帐篷一围,砍两个树枝弄个横梁就是门。刚开始时工地很简单,一个小发电机,一个小锅炉。”

坦赞铁路东起坦桑尼亚首都--达累斯萨拉姆,西至赞比亚的新卡皮里姆波希与赞比亚既有铁路接轨,全长1860.5公里,其中坦桑尼亚境内为977.2公里,赞比亚境内为883.3公里。

坦桑尼亚和赞比亚两国曾向苏联、英国、德国、法国等国和世界银行多次提出修建坦赞铁力,但由于资金庞大和地形复杂施工难度大而遭到拒绝。

中土集团原副总经理杨德瑞在坦赞铁路一直担任勘察设计工作,他说坦赞铁路跨越东非大裂谷带,以及各种复杂地形给勘测工作带来巨大挑战。为此,中方派出500人的勘探设计队对坦赞铁路全线进行前期的勘探设计工作,即便是这样一个规模的队伍,国外不少铁路专家也认为,没有5年时间全部的勘察设计任务都无法完成。但中国的技术人员却只用了22个月的时间就结束了首场硬仗。“以前都是外面做测量,拿到国内做设计,后来为了赶进度,一部分在国外做,一部分在国内做,分段同时进行,到1970年上半年,我们把这个工作完成了。我勘测那段还算好些,其他人遇到野牛还有蚊子蛰。”

正是根据杨德瑞等技术人员的勘察结果,勘察组提出了修建坦赞铁路的可行性报告,1970年10月26日坦赞铁路正式开工。整个工程由东向西推进,先坦(坦桑尼亚)后赞(赞比亚),将全线分为5大区段,分段施工。杜坚说,施工中大部分所需材料都是从中国运送过去的。“钢轨、钢筋全部是运过去的,水泥一部分是当地买的,大部分是运过去的,设备都是运过去的。我们在那搞了一个混凝土制品厂,生产轨枕、电线杆和隧道桥涵。”

随着工程的推进,越来越多的当地人加入到了施工队伍中,翻译成了稀缺人才,为了能有效沟通成,杜坚说,一种专属于坦赞铁路沿线上的语言应运而生。“一个大队下面几十个分队,最多时坦赞铁路上有100到200个翻译,但还是不够,后来发明了一种坦赞铁路语言,中国话+当地话+比划。这造就了很多土翻译,很多技术人员都开始学当地语言。领工员早上一起来,一说‘坦赞铁路语’,大家都懂,都去干活。”

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