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龙山道教石窟:元代留给太原的背影

2017-09-04 05:40:50   中国青年网

披云子宏愿立誓当然有现实政治社会背景作为支撑。蒙元一朝,对各类宗教采取自由流布、兼容并蓄的政治态度和优礼政策,各种宗教获得恣情发展的珍贵历史机遇。13世纪,波斯史学家志费尼所撰《世界征服史》说,成吉思汗对所有宗教持“不舍一种而取另一种,也不尊此而抑彼”的立场,“虽然选择一种宗教,但多数不露任何宗教狂热”。回溯元代太原宗教发展确实如此。蒙元统治者虽然对经营太原城阙没有多大兴致,还砍倒无数庄稼种草牧羊,但尊崇佛教的他们重修了北齐皇家佛教场所法华寺,新筑了阳曲帖木儿佛塔等佛教建筑,同时也放任宋德芳聚集资财、组织民力在龙山硁硁钎石,经年凿造道教石窟。

忽必烈至元十一年(1274年)的《玄都至道崇文明化真人道行之碑》,记载了宋德芳龙山凿窟之功,称其“历太原之西山,偶抵一道观,荒凉极目,乃向神游时所见。拂拭石刻,有宋童二字。真人曰:宿缘无可逃者,留居之。曾不三年,轮换一新,遂为西州伟观。”这段碑文,强调了宋德芳与太原城的“宿缘”,记述了他在此创造中国道教石窟“伟观”的非凡历程。

宋德芳后龙山石窟达到8窟66尊造像的规模。第1窟为虚皇龛,其内元始天尊坐像面容清癯;第2窟为三清龛,有雕像15尊,元始天尊、灵宝天尊、道德天尊结跏趺坐;第3窟为卧如龛,安卧之像传为全真派祖师王重阳或宋德芳本尊;第4窟为三天师龛,雕有道教创始人张道陵及子张衡、孙张鲁像;第5窟为玄真龛,雕有唐时飞升成仙的玄真子张志和;第6窟为七真龛,雕有“全真七子”像;第7窟为披云子自赞龛,雕刻了宋德芳及弟子秦志安、李志全论道场景,另有著名的“妇人启门”听讲造像;第8窟为三皇龛,应为神农、伏羲、黄帝造像窟。从洞窟艺术风格看,后人盛赞龙山石窟雕琢技术奇特,人物造像面形方圆,身形衣饰线条洗练,整体风格简约粗犷,散逸出浓郁的生活意趣。

披云子宋德芳率众自元太宗六年(1234年)山头动钎,自次年龙山石窟即大部告竣,又过了1年,残破的昊天观也重修落成。就在松风明月的龙山道观内,宋德芳与门徒启动了搜集、刊印道教经书的浩繁工程,并在6年后编校成“三洞三十六部之零章,四辅一十二义之奥典”的道教重要典籍《玄都道藏》。太原龙山也在这个时期成为北中国最为重要的道教活动区,确立了其在中国道教史上举足轻重的地位。

令人喟叹的是,盛极一时的太原龙山随元灭再度陷入沉寂,钟磬之声久而难闻。战乱之中,龙山石窟中精美的石像头颅也大多割盗,至今难觅其踪。几页风云散去,龙山石窟,遂成元代留给太原凝重的背影。

马绍民

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