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立足公众资金安全限缩非法吸收公众存款罪
2017-09-03 08:20:51 中国青年网
非法吸收公众存款罪的保护目标调适:公众资金安全
互联网金融作为一种新的金融模式,其诞生是在我国之前奉行已久的金融抑制政策下从社会现实需要的土壤中破土而出的,刑法如过度介入这种金融活动,则会阻碍这种金融创新,无法满足当下小微企业的融资需求和公众的投资需求,进而会阻碍经济的发展。从我国当前的金融政策走向来看,适度放宽对金融市场的管制、鼓励金融创新、推进利率市场化已成为必然的趋势。这样的金融政策变迁必然会传导至金融犯罪的保护法益,“金融管理秩序”这种国家金融本位下的法益在很大程度上会失去其正当性,有必要重新定位新形势下金融犯罪的保护法益。
在现代市场经济中,金融风险是客观存在的,没有风险就没有金融活动。但在国家采取金融抑制政策之下,国家确立了金融机构对金融业务的专营地位,通过对金融市场准入制度、金融市场监管制度等制度设计最大限度地管控风险。同时,对存款人而言,由于金融机构通常有国家和政府信用做背书,存在的金融风险相对较小。而在互联网金融时代,互联网金融企业在解决信息不对称方面的效果并不理想,反而由于技术的复杂化、模式的多元化、主体的分散化,用户了解互联网金融企业本身及其运作模式、资金流向、信用状况等信息可能反而增加了难度,风险可能相应增加。这种风险由于缺乏国家信用的担保,一旦出现资金链断裂的情况,公众的资金将有去无回。因而,从本质上讲,互联网金融风险的最终落脚点仍然在于公众的资金安全,因而规制互联网金融风险的刑法的保护重点应该是公众的资金安全。有鉴于此,将非法吸收公众存款罪的保护法益定位为公众的资金安全具有必要性和妥当性。
重塑非法吸收公众存款罪的犯罪圈
目前,我国刑法中以非法吸收公众存款罪为代表的金融犯罪的犯罪圈与当前国家鼓励金融创新、普惠金融的发展需求不尽相适,但在目前的背景下,围绕着如何适应当前金融发展,需要重新划定非法吸收公众存款罪的犯罪圈:一种观点主张,直接废除刑法中关于非法吸收公众存款罪的规定;另一种观点主张,对非法吸收公众存款罪进行司法上的限缩,包括从集资的用途上进行限缩和从集资的手段上进行限缩。
然而,无论是废除论还是限缩论的观点,都是将非法吸收公众存款罪的保护法益仍然界定为以利率管制和金融垄断为核心的金融管理秩序,并不能有效地因应当前促进金融改革和防控金融风险的需要。因此,有必要在公众资金安全这一法益的指导下重新划定非法吸收公众存款罪的犯罪圈。立足于公众资金安全法益的视角审视非法吸收公众存款罪的规定,现行立法有必要在以下几个方面作出适当修改:第一,将“存款”修改为“资金”,相应的罪名修改为“非法吸收公众资金罪”。在金融市场化改革的背景下,社会闲散资金理当有自由的投资渠道,因而对非法集资的对象没有必要限定为“存款”,资金的用途也不再具有重要意义。第二,原条文“吸收公众存款或者变相吸收公众存款”的规定过于笼统,罪状表述并不明确,导致出现司法解释代为“立法”的现象。可将非法吸收资金的行为类型明确为通过欺诈、强制或者其他方法非法吸收公众资金。第三,我国现有关于非法吸收公众存款罪的规定,从入罪标准来看,采取的是危险犯与实害犯相结合的方式。司法解释确立的入罪标准既有单纯吸收存款数额或者吸收存款对象数量的规定,又有非法集资给存款人造成直接经济损失数额或者造成其他严重后果的规定。这种规定将行为与结果混为一谈,与罪刑相适应原则相悖。因此,今后修法时应当以给公众资金造成的实际损失为标准,对危险犯和实害犯分别规定法定刑。
(作者为浙江财经大学法学院副教授)
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