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防卫过当不属于故意杀人“情节较轻”范围

2017-09-01 08:16:26   中国青年网

其次,“情节较轻”作为司法者自由裁量、价值判断的情节,不应包含防卫过当等法定的、事实认定的量刑情节。在某些故意杀人案件中,基本法定刑的严重刑罚后果,与人们认为“基于某些值得同情、理解的原因,行为人应当得到从宽处罚”的一般价值观念产生冲突,因此需要认定为“情节较轻”,给予法定刑内基础上的降档减轻处罚,从而实现罪责刑相一致。这是立法设定“情节较轻”条款的缘由。但鉴于实践的多样性和立法技巧的需要,刑法条文及司法解释并未对故意杀人“情节较轻”作出较为细致的规定,司法者需要根据案情并结合社会影响、人身危险性等因素进行判断和权衡。故意杀人“情节较轻”因而属于司法者自由裁量的情节,是在事实认定的基础之上进行的轻重、好坏的价值判断,会出现不同司法者对同一案件事实有不同价值认识的结果。有学者将故意杀人“情节较轻”的情形归纳为七类:义愤杀人、因不堪被害人长期迫害或虐待杀人、基于被害人请求或得其承诺杀人、生母杀婴、大义灭亲、教唆帮助自杀、不作为杀人。考察这七类情形,可以看出“情节较轻”的行为人,或是案件起因有着被害人严重过错值得同情,或是主观方面有着可以宽宥、理解的动机和目的,或是客观上存在不得已的情势,或者主客观都处于消极的状态等情况,均属于司法者自由裁量、价值判断的范畴。

防卫过当,是指正当防卫明显超过必要限度造成重大损害,其要求“存在现实的不法侵害行为、不法侵害正在进行、具有防卫意识、针对不法侵害人本人、明显超过必要限度造成重大损害”等五个条件同时具备方可成立。与“情节较轻”需司法者自由裁量、价值判断相比,防卫过当的五个条件,都属于事实认定的范畴,是在立法时已经有了明确的立场和价值选择后作出的明文规定。只要根据在案证据进行分析、论证,证明此五项事实存在,防卫过当即宣告成立,就必须依法对行为人从宽处罚。防卫过当的成立与否,只需要司法者对事实进行是与非、存在与否的认定,不需对已认定存在事实的价值再进行孰轻孰重、孰好孰坏的判断。因此,不宜将防卫过当这一法定的、事实判断的量刑情节,认定为故意杀人“情节较轻”这一司法者自由裁量、价值判断情节。

再次,将防卫过当认定为故意杀人“情节较轻”,将导致实践中量刑法律适用的混乱。(1)可能会导致被告人无法得到公正的刑罚结果。因为防卫过当是减轻或者免除处罚的量刑情节,对于防卫过当杀人的,可以在三年以上十年以下有期徒刑内量刑,也可以免予刑事处罚。但如果将防卫过当视为故意杀人“情节较轻”的情形,依据刑法232条,仅能在三年以上十年以下有期徒刑内量刑,不能判处三年以下有期徒刑或者缓刑,更不能免除处罚,被告人量刑从宽幅度明显缩小。(2)可能会导致故意杀人罪的量刑幅度出现断档。刑法第63条规定:犯罪分子具有本法规定的减轻处罚情节的,应当在法定刑以下判处刑罚;本法规定有数个量刑幅度的,应当在法定量刑幅度的下一个量刑幅度内判处刑罚。依据刑法第232条,故意杀人罪的刑罚包括死刑、无期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑和三年以上十年以下有期徒刑等。因此,在防卫过当杀人案件中,即便适用防卫过当条款,对被告人的量刑要么减轻处罚,量刑幅度只能是三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,要么直接就免除处罚。刑罚幅度出现了三年以下有期徒刑的断档,也会引发能否适用缓刑的疑惑。

但是,如果分开认定防卫过当和故意杀人“情节较轻”,能够妥善解决量刑法律适用的问题。如果将二者分开认定,对于情节较轻和防卫过当两个量刑情节共存的故意杀人案件,可以在“情节较轻”处以三年以上十年以下有期徒刑刑罚基础之上减轻处罚,即在三年以下有期徒刑内量刑。如此处理,理论上不仅可以对故意杀人罪的量刑幅度实现从免除处罚到死刑的全覆盖,不会出现刑罚幅度断档情况,还能解决在义愤杀人、因不堪被害人长期迫害或虐待杀人等存在“情节较轻”情形的故意杀人案中防卫过当,能否判处三年以下有期徒刑乃至缓刑的疑问。

应当说,将防卫过当杀人认定为“情节较轻”故意杀人的观点,未考虑到两者在性质和内涵上的区别,也未顾及可能造成的量刑法律适用的问题,是对“防卫过当会大幅度减轻处罚”这一客观现象的经验描述,并非是严密的逻辑论证、归结,因此需要予以纠正。

(作者单位:浙江省人民检察院)

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