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先哲们的时间观

2017-08-30 05:16:27   中国青年网

那么,为什么过去和未来是等同的呢?尽管物理学家已经在这个问题的探索之路上取得了极大的成功,他们仍然希望能在实验中发现一种特别的新粒子——轴子,来为整个故事圆满收尾。轴子可以消除过去与未来之间可能存在的不对称。

与此相反的问题同样深刻:既然物理定律不区分过去与未来,那么为什么我们的这个世界有过去和未来的差别?至少我们的感觉是这样的。对此的理论解释大多是基于从有序到无序这个不可阻挡的演化趋势。制造混乱总是比收拾整洁来得容易。对这个现象的精确表述就是热力学第二定律,即一个孤立系统的熵总是随时间增加。而这个增加的趋势使得我们可以区分过去与未来。

秩序的“孤岛”当然会极力抵御无序的破坏,而我们人类就致力于发现这些秩序。我们喜欢在现在的生活中搜寻过去的痕迹,无论是残存的遗物还是记忆。物理学家在探索宇宙时也是如此。我们或许可以把这些工作叫作宇宙取证分析(cosmic forensic)。通过这些工作,我们已经找到了宇宙起源于大爆炸的证据。

如今的科学家掌握了很多强大的工具,但是最根本的发现仍然源于那些基本的、“天真”的问题。奥古斯丁大胆地问出:“什么是过去?”爱因斯坦教我们把这个问题变成:“我们怎样测量过去?”在量子世界中,这是个尖锐的问题——也是让我现在为之着迷的问题,因为测量是个破坏性的过程,会破坏被测量的量子态。

再一次地,先哲们指引我们前往未曾开垦的知识沃土。

(撰文:弗兰克·威尔切克(Frank Wilczek) 翻译:胡风 梁丁当)

作者简介

弗兰克·威尔切克是麻省理工学院物理学教授、量子色动力学的奠基人之一。因在夸克粒子理论(强作用)方面所取得的成就,他在2004年获得了诺贝尔物理学奖。

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