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明确证明对象推动侦查人员出庭作证

2017-08-27 08:15:50   中国青年网

在规范上明确侦查人员对证据事实的证明义务

当前,对实体事实和程序事实的证明尚有相关法律规定作为支撑,但侦查人员对于证据事实的证明却难以在法律中找到依据,这无疑是立法上的一块空白。能被法庭采纳,且作为定案依据的证据,应当在各个方面都得到查证,也就是刑事诉讼法所表述的“证据必须经过查证属实,才能作为定案的根据”。在司法实践中,对证据的查证一般是由提出证据的一方承担证明证据合法性、真实性的责任,即公诉人和被告人及其辩护人在使证据进入到证明案件情况的环节前,要先证明各自提出的证据具有合法性、真实性,对于不能证明合法性、真实性的证据,应当予以排除。要证明证据的真实性,由证据收集者进行证明更为恰当。我国刑事诉讼中绝大多数证据均由侦查机关负责收集,仅有少部分证据是由法庭依职权进行调查获得或辩护人自主调查获得。要求公诉人证人身份证明证据的真实性,显然是不合理也缺乏可行性,因为,公诉人在通常情况下并非证据的收集者,公诉人对于证据的来源并不清楚,其所掌握的证据一般都是由侦查机关收集并移交的。在被要求证明证据的真实性的场合,由作为证据收集者的侦查人员对证据真实性进行证明更为合适。

另一方面,法律规定了侦查人员需要对收集证据过程的合法性进行证明,可见,在立法者眼中侦查人员的取证过程确有违法的可能,侦查人员提交的证据并不都能直接作为定案依据,同样需要当庭质证,经查证属实才可以。而且,实践中由于侦查人员制造虚假证据导致被告人被错误定案的个别案例也是存在的,显然,侦查机关收集的证据并不一定都符合证据真实性要求。对此,刑法中既规定了“辩护人、诉讼代理人伪造证据罪”,又规定了“帮助毁灭、伪造证据罪”中“司法工作人员犯本罪的,从重处罚”,表现出对伪造证据主体“一视同仁”的态度,不仅仅辩护人会伪造证据,司法工作人员也有可能提供不具有真实性的证据,如此规定的目的是通过刑法的威慑力遏制企图通过伪造证据影响司法裁判的行为。既然在刑法中已经认可了侦查人员具有提供不符合真实性证据的可能性,作为保障实体法得到正确实施的程序法,刑事诉讼法对此应当有所规定。

为此,建议在法律条文中增加对侦查人员出庭证明证据真实性的明确规定。具体而言,在对证据事实进行查证、证明的阶段,若控辩双方对某一证据没有异议,且法官认为证据事实确无证明需要可以采信时,或者该证据对认定案件事实影响不大时,可以不对证据事实进行证明,以节约司法成本、提高诉讼效率;若被告人及其辩护人对某一证据的真实性提出质疑,且该证据对认定案件事实有重大作用,在公诉人运用已有其他证据无法证明该证据真实性的情况下,法官应当本着谨慎、求实的态度,要求侦查人员提供对证据真实性的证明,且出于对直接言词原则的贯彻,侦查人员应当出庭作证。在侦查人员出庭后,由法官先进行询问,然后由控辩双方进行交叉询问,侦查人员也可以出示其他能证明证据真实性的证据。在调查结束后,法官应当根据内心形成的确信,判断该存疑证据的真实性是否得到了充分证明,对于不能排除合理怀疑、存在伪造可能性的证据,均应当排除,不能作为定案依据。

由此,通过明确规定,侦查人员出庭证明证据真实性的制度,使侦查人员在今后侦查活动中企图通过提供不具有真实性的证据来“破案”时能有所警示,因为他将要面对的是来自两方面的不利后果:一方面是刑法惩罚的威慑,另一方面是在诉讼中出庭作证的压力。所以,如此多的不利后果在一定程度上能够减弱侦查人员提供不具有真实性之证据的动力,实现刑事诉讼所追求的公平正义。

(作者单位:上海市人民检察院第一分院)

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