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奇花异草在“生命禁区”的求生“智慧”

2017-08-27 07:06:54   中国青年网

紫花针茅

卷叶成针,保水防身

青藏高原冬夏两季降水相对丰沛,但夜晚的霜冻常使得这里的植物产生生理性缺水。在阿里地区,很多地方年降水量不足100毫米。如何有效抗旱保水,成为植物能否适应环境的关键所在。

紫花针茅属于寒旱生植物,广泛分布于海拔4500至4800米的阿里中部、藏北草原等区域。杨永平说,紫花针茅的叶片向内卷成针状,使得日照和水分蒸发的面积最小化。

此外,针状叶子还能起到保护作用。当紫花针茅的种子成熟后,叶子的针芒就会变得非常尖锐,很容易刺伤动物皮肤。不少食草动物见了它无从下口,只能“望草兴叹”。

塔黄

“你为我传粉,我为你育儿”

为吸引昆虫造访并传粉,一些植物提供花蜜等作为“回报”和“奖励”。而高山植物塔黄,会为前来传粉的昆虫提供产床和食物。

高原环境恶劣,传粉昆虫种类少且活动能力弱,生长在这里的植物普遍存在传粉限制。然而,塔黄在自然条件下的坐果率高达98%。

它是如何做到的?杨永平介绍,研究人员调查发现,塔黄在开花时被一种双翅目眼蕈蚊频繁访问。这种昆虫的雌、雄虫首先在塔黄花朵苞片外交配,之后雌虫进入苞片内,在花间爬行并将卵产入花的子房内。子房内的卵在种子即将成熟时开始孵化为幼虫,并以成熟的塔黄种子为食,完成幼虫发育,之后爬出果实钻入土壤化成蛹越冬,第二年夏天羽化为成虫,开始下一个世代。

尽管这种蕈蚊的幼虫会消耗一部分种子,但蕈蚊在访花时通过传粉能给塔黄带来约50%的净繁殖收益。看来,塔黄的“牺牲”是值得的。

蕨麻

克隆霸占地盘,结籽优生优育

蕨麻亦称人参果,具有较高的营养价值和药用价值。在藏北高原,蕨麻整个植株呈粗网状平铺在地面上。它春季发芽,夏季长出众多紫红色的根状茎,节外生根,犹如蛛网,匍匐地面,伸向四方。

杨永平说,在苦寒的青藏高原,植物通过有性生殖方式繁衍后代几率比较小。许多植物在进化过程中逐渐具有了克隆繁殖本领,即通过其根、茎、叶,以无性繁殖的方式形成新植株。蕨麻就是主要以地下根茎进行自我克隆,以星火燎原之势向四周蔓延,霸占地盘。

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