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为决策“立规矩”为执法“量尺度”

2017-08-26 08:07:16   中国青年网

立法行为通常与重大行政决策相关联。为有效防止立法工作中的部门化倾向、争权诿责现象,今年4月底,本市出台了《市政府法制机构组织起草规章程序规则》,明确涉及规范政府及其部门普遍管理、本市重大改革决策或者重大规划实施、多部门重大管理体制机制调整等事项的政府规章,都由市政府法制办直接组织起草。

行政执法:从“抽屉中”放到“桌面上”

同样是违规经营,为何同案不同罚?这让很多当事人觉得不公平。由于法律给予行政部门相应的裁量权,具体到个案处罚,不同执法人员对处罚尺度把握不一,畸轻畸重难以避免,这种乱拉“橡皮筋”的执法情况广被诟病。

如今,这种现象正在改变。自市政府2013年印发 《关于本市建立行政处罚裁量基准制度的指导意见》 以来,各执法部门的进展明显。截至今年初,已有31个部门制定并发布了78个执法领域的裁量基准文件。据了解,今年仍有一批裁量基准文件陆续出台。

“‘放在抽屉中’的裁量权,放到了桌面上。”市政府法制办法制监督处负责人说。建立行政处罚裁量基准制度,就是给处罚裁量权提供细化、量化的标准。”“过去处罚都是自己 ‘毛估估’,实施百分比模式后,心中就有了一杆秤。”一位执法人员说,裁量权的规范行使有效避免了人情执法和选择性执法。

为进一步提升行政执法程序规范,本市及时出台了《本市建立重大行政执法决定法制审核的意见》。为了统一市场监管领域行政处罚程序,本市专门出台了《上海市市场监督管理行政处罚程序规定》,为本市市场监管体制改革保驾护航。此外,本市还探索建立了行政执法全过程记录制度,目前已形成了相关方案,在有关单位试点实施。

行政监督:引入“外脑”改变封闭办案

“申请人,您对被申请人谈及的操作程序,有什么意见?”

这是市政府行政复议委员会的一次案件审理会。座位席上的参会委员,3人是法制办常任委员,4人是专家学者。

行政复议、行政诉讼、信访,是化解行政争议的“三驾马车”。而人们在选择行政复议的同时,往往会对其公正性心存疑虑,认为行政机关自我审查、封闭办案,有“官官相护”的嫌疑。为破解这一困局,上海市政府2012年成立行政复议委员会。

“引入专家学者‘外脑’参与,改变了传统封闭审议的做法。”市政府法制办行政复议处负责人说,第二届行政复议委员会不断优化结构,在人员组成上增加了非常任委员的数量,由第一届的40人增加至55人,非常任委员占总数的75%以上,并大幅度提高非常任委员在案审会上的参审比重。不仅如此,还在全国率先探索双方当事人选择案审会非常任委员的做法,确保审议的公开、公平、公正。并在全国率先推动行政复议决定书网上公开,接受社会监督。

“我们希望行政复议委员会能成为‘依法行政的保护神、规范行政的啄木鸟、法治政府建设的助推器、化解矛盾的解结者’”。一位非常任委员如是说。2016年全年市政府共收到行政复议申请971件,同比增长14%。共办结复议案件432件。去年12月,第四届“中国法治政府奖”评选中,上海市参评的“上海市人民政府行政复议委员会案审会制度”脱颖而出,获得该奖项。

“本市第二个依法行政五年规划——《上海市法治政府建设“十三五”规划》正在有序推进中,所确定的各项目标任务正被化解为年度工作要点落地落实”,市法治政府建设工作领导小组办公室主任、市政府法制办主任吴偕林说。

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