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没有完美的证据,只有绝对的怀疑
2017-08-25 08:17:40 中国青年网
但话又说回来,在司法实践当中,面对形形色色的证据,又有多少人有足够的耐心和精力去一一核实在案的所有证据背后的真实情况呢?电影的剧情让我们陷入了这样一个两难境地:一方面,法律要求定罪量刑要做到案件事实清楚、证据确实充分;另一方面,连DAN这样的科学鉴定证据都可能造假,谁又能百分百地保证支撑案件事实的所有证据的真实性呢?
乍看起来,这种司法上的两难境地让人对现代刑事诉讼规则颇为灰心沮丧,但是换个思维角度来看,这种两难也成为监督司法人员的达摩克利斯之剑:世上没有完美的证据,只有绝对的怀疑。正因此,在司法裁断过程中,专业的素养、谨慎的态度才显得尤为必要。
有学者言:证据学是在“历史的碎片中拼凑事实”,而历史遗留给我们的痕迹(包括客观物质痕迹与主观印象痕迹)往往很少,而在刑事司法的对抗性条件下,有许多痕迹又被人为地抹去或者构筑了防止获得的壁垒。从这个层面理解,刑事诉讼当中所期待的“完美证据”,只是一个无法实现的美好夙愿而已。历史上的法定证据制度,就是试图通过构建一个完美无瑕的证据体系来限制司法专横,最终却由于“束缚了法官的理性、窒息了他们的良心、毁灭了他们的意识”而被自由心证所取代。
由此,认定案件事实的过程,其实就是不断排除合理怀疑的过程。而最终还原的案件事实,只是因为它在法律上排除了司法人员内心的怀疑,可能性最大的那种事实——也即法律事实而已。唯有树立这样的理念,我们在面对实践当中“零口供”之类的案件时才不至于机械地落入证据不足的窠臼,而是运用司法智慧,审慎地判断证据质量,作出理性的法律处理。
这部影片带给我们最大的启示在于:在司法领域,即使对于DNA这样的科学鉴定也不应当盲目地信任,而依然要秉持怀疑的态度,对其进行缜密的质证推理。这或许也是我国刑事诉讼法将鉴定结论改为鉴定意见的理由所在。但是,仅仅将鉴定结论改为鉴定意见还只是第一步,关键要确保作出鉴定意见的人员出席法庭,接受当庭质证,并用浅显易懂的语言对鉴定的根据和过程作出解释。如此,才算是真正实现了对鉴定意见的怀疑。
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