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台湾三部京剧大戏中的文化审美
2017-08-25 04:16:47 中国青年网
舞台表演艺术应该附带个性化的风格。个性化对于具体表演者而言,是基于演员自身条件进行的演绎风格;对于具体表演团队而言,则是基于特定剧团审美理想而探寻的创作路径;对于具体作品而言,则是基于特定作品的时代性而确立的剧场质量。三部“新老戏”最鲜明的创造是让那些骨子老戏不断地焕发着创作者对于传统与时尚的把握,由老戏而延伸成新的全本戏,进而成为一部貌似传统但又别出机枢的新戏,极大地承载着李宝春和台北新剧团的艺术主张和个性风格。
传统折子戏经过历代艺人的精打细磨,对于人物形象、唱作范式、艺术旨趣都有了相对稳定的确立。例如最为人熟知的《送京娘》,无论京、昆、地方戏,都在展示赵匡胤侠义无私的英雄气质,而与之形成对照的则是赵京娘青春浪漫的女性心理。而在近代诸多剧种演出的《斩黄袍》题材中,则偏重于展示赵匡胤猜忌滥杀的帝王情态,而推动情节走向的则是朝臣们刚毅正直的忠烈举动。由此呈现的实际是赵匡胤这个帝王形象的两种人生风采。李宝春编创的《赵匡胤》则用三部折子戏,展现较为完整的故事结构,通过对“帝王心思你难晓”的揭示,重塑和观照赵匡胤亦正亦邪的帝王气质。赵匡胤因扯坏圣旨而获罪逃亡,黄袍加身后听信谗言而滥杀功臣,即如剧中小太监一句抓哏“您怎么跟前面唱的一样哇”,道出了“心思一样,情亦相同”的感慨,借助传奇故事中帝王的人生流转,隐藏着中国历史循环的道理,凸显着帝王权术的深层文化心理,这正是戏曲用形象与结构来解读历史的智慧所在。尤其是当赵匡胤在情急之下喊出“孤若犯罪你就斩,弟妹你就看着办吧”,剧作用颇具谐趣意味的嘲讽,张扬着普通人对于礼法、道德与秩序的态度,不啻为最具启蒙意义的思想新见,这正是京剧从其形成起就保留的最质朴和最健康的艺术精神。《赵匡胤》无疑保持着京剧这种创作活力,同时成为一部响应着当代思想观念、体现现代理性的新作。这样的构思在《长生殿》《宝莲神灯》中同样具备。
李宝春的创作在“新”“老”之间进行平衡,当然也存在刻意的偏颇,例如《赵匡胤》搬用折子戏《打窦瑶》,基本是作为序幕和过场情节来展开,其人物结构也显得单调;而《宝莲神灯》在“劈山救母”一段中加入“虎之群舞”,用现代集体舞的方式,让京剧表演颇有间离感。这些艺术上的偏重,或来自于京剧师承的保守性,或来自于京剧贴近时尚的趋时动机,但是都一再地显示出创作者在传统中寻求突破的艺术挣扎与理想诉求。在京昆戏说《长生殿》中,李宝春和他的创作团队采用京剧、昆曲同台共演的方式,来诠释这部戏曲经典的艺术底蕴。《长生殿》是昆曲的代表作,《定情》《小宴》《惊变》等折子至今盛演舞台,而一旦移植改编成京剧,就需要创造属于京剧的舞台场面。李宝春在编创属于京剧的《长生殿》时,保留了昆曲的经典,也沿用了京剧的《贵妃醉酒》等代表作品,在不露声色的排场移植中,通过“赦罪权哄”“马嵬埋玉”等场次,将昆曲翻转成了京剧。尤其是在《哭像情伤》一场中,用京剧唱腔来渲染昆曲《哭像》的意境,同时创造性地让杨贵妃用昆曲来对唱,以此回应并活化了传奇原本所提示的“神像之上果然满面泪痕”。这种演出方式,实际是将京昆作为剧中人的性格、气质和情绪的艺术再现手段,让京昆音乐表演艺术圆融无碍地成为戏曲的语言,尽可能地诠释并拓展着人物形象的艺术表现深度。而在最后一场《水月镜花》中,创作者将戏剧中的“唐明皇”置换成了戏曲祖师神,改变了传奇原本“情缘总归虚幻”的结尾形式,借助戏神唐明皇之口,让“京昆戏说”成为戏曲人对历史与传统的抒情之作。这正是李宝春和他的团队的戏曲观!
台湾是京剧艺术的重要流播地区,李宝春和台北新剧团对于“新老戏”的创作,与台湾魏海敏、吴兴国等人的创作,以及内地不同省区京剧人的创造一样,对于京剧艺术传承发展提供了有益的尝试。这是让京剧乃至中国戏曲不断现代化的重要途径,弥足珍贵。
(作者:王馗 系中国艺术研究院研究员、戏曲研究所所长)
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