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新旧动能转换日韩怎么做

2017-08-24 08:27:28   中国青年网

要因地制宜地进行调控,发达区域要率先转变观念,进行要素升级,提升要素质量和效率。转型期增速必然会下降,政府部门应吸取日韩的教训,避免逆势而为。山东东西差距、城乡差距大,只有对发展趋势做出正确的判断才能实施科学的决策,因地制宜、突出重点地进行调控。尤其是沿海发达城市和发达区域要进一步解放思想,特别是济青烟等发达城市和区域要彻底转变GDP为大、项目为本的物本位观念,代之以以人为本的新理念、新思维,率先进行重心转移,一方面对传统要素进行升级,另一方面要在更大范围、更高层次上进行要素配置和资源整合,新动能既需要高端人才,也需要大量擅长精细制作的工匠和精细耕作的现代化农民。要增加教育投入,优化教育体系,不断提升公民素质,培育和造就多层次、多样化的优质人力资源。变不计成本代价的开发利用土地、资金、资源为节约、养护和优化,鼓励基金投资,发挥风险投资以小搏大的杠杆作用,为新产业、新经济积聚新动能,切实提高经济发展的含金量。

应主动稳妥地化解过剩产能,积极培育良好环境,引导预期,促进产业升级和企业创新活动。产能过剩是转型经济体的通病。在政府主导型经济体中,与政府的政策导向是分不开的。解决办法是减少政府干预,让市场规律发挥作用。当今时代,仅靠少量高端人才、少数大企业、大城市带动是不够的,需要全员、全社会的参与,没有全社会创新意识的觉醒和创新活力的迸发,新旧动能的转换不可能真正实现。政府应制定相应的激励政策,培养具有创新意识和创新能力的各类人才,营造适宜全社会创新的环境。日本的技术创新具有产学官研结合、官民并举的特点,走的是引进、吸收、消化、改造和自主创新的集成创新道路,其技术贸易规模虽然低于美国、德国和英国,但技术贸易收支比却在2001年超过了美国和英国。日本教育水平非常高,连普通平民都能理解外国的新技术和新思维,这为科技创新提供了强大的人力支持,然而,由于缺乏发达的风险投资环境,阻碍了整个社会的创新能力和活力,值得我们借鉴。

与增长结构和动力转换相适应,积极推动企业、金融、财税、政府管理体制的系统改革。不同的增长模式对应不同的动力模式,两者必须匹配。全球化、信息化时代,个体、企业、组织、政府的关系发生了实质性的变化,这些变化给以赶超和增长为主要目标的我国各级政府带来了前所未有的压力和挑战,面临全球化竞争、网络化变化、多样化诉求及国际协同发展等有诸多方面的新挑战,我省应积极谋求由“政府主导”向“市场调节”、由“投资驱动”向“创新驱动”、由“外部依赖”向“内需驱动”、由“社会封闭”向“社会开放”的转变,不断深化部门内改革,努力推动部门、主体间的协同融合发展。亚洲金融危机爆发后,韩国在困境中推进改革,金融、企业、政府、劳动四大部门结构调整取得重大进展,为转型升级打开了通道。相比之下,日本受到更多既有利益格局制约,虽有调整但进展有限,大企业与主银行关系、大企业与中小企业关系、终身雇佣、年功序列等安排难有改变,推进改革的共识无法达成,直接影响了改革成效。

应在经济转型的同时推动制度创新,由管理型政府向服务型政府转型,为激发市场主体活力提供高效的制度保障。制度优劣决定发展的活力,社会转型的核心是制度或机制,好的有生命力的制度是使社会收益率和私人收益率趋于一致的制度,只有引起人均收入增加的经济增长才是理想的增长。日韩居民人均收入与人均GDP基本持平,甚至略高,国富民强。目前我省人均收入只及人均GDP的1/3,有的不及1/6,说明经济成果还不能更好地惠及人民。环境和条件的变化要求新的制度安排来满足生产方式、组织方式、交换方式和消费方式变革的需要,但制度具有自我强化的内在机制,一经实施,会形成惯性和依赖,不断地自我强化,从而阻碍转型的实现。我省应适应新的发展要求,进一步深化政府体制改革,积极提供新的制度供给,不断完善基础设施和公共服务,搭建好各类平台和载体,努力改善营商环境,降低交易成本,赋予新型公共机构和第三方组织更多机会和空间,充分释放组织、企业和个体的活力,为经济社会的和谐高效运转提供高效的制度支持。

(山东社会科学院省情研究院研究员)

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