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远离残疾 对生命全过程负责

2017-08-23 08:38:20   中国青年网

“不难理解,受知识和医疗水平的限制,很多农村地区的人不能及时发现家人的异常,也不知道哪些情况属于残疾,尤其是一些精神疾病和遗传疾病。事实上,以前人们只是关注残疾人这个群体,对怎样避免成为残疾人考虑甚少,对‘残疾风险伴随每个人’这样的说法更是难以接受。如今,借着‘残疾预防日’的出现,人们就有更多机会去正确认识残疾,理性认知残疾风险。”杨红娟说。

2 残疾并非不可防控

当前,遗传性、先天性残疾尚未得到有效控制,精神障碍、疾病、意外伤害等导致残疾的风险在显著增加。第二次全国残疾人抽样调查发现,我国各类残疾致残原因中,先天性因素致残占9.57%,后天获得性因素致残占74.67%,不明原因或其他因素致残占15.75%。后天获得性因素是致残的主要原因。

虽然残疾是人类社会发展过程中不可避免的代价,但是国内外大量实践证明,残疾并非不可防、不可控。世界卫生组织指出,利用现有的医学技术可使至少50%的残疾得到控制或延迟发生。

“的确,残疾的承受主体是人。但是,残疾的发生是与不同的致因、不同致因和干预方式的互动以及互动的时间节点、彼此强度、策略选择等因素相关联。”杨红娟说,“残疾现象是不确定的,这种不确定既意味着残疾风险的强化与多发,也意味着残疾风险的可控、可干预和可预防。”

3 如何防控残疾的发生

目前的残疾预防措施包括三级。李树伟举例说,脑卒中也就是人们常说的脑中风,全省72.7万持证肢体残疾人中仅脑卒中后遗症患者就占一半以上,达到36万多人。若要预防脑卒中致残,人们首先要保持健康的生活习惯、合理用药、定期体检,避免患上脑卒中;如果患上脑卒中,就要积极采取医学手段治疗,防止因为血栓造成残疾;若出现残疾,要及早进行康复治疗、辅助器具适配、社会康复等,同时提高患者的自理能力和社会参与度。“简言之:第一级预防是让人们不得病;第二级预防是一旦患病,不要导致残疾;第三级预防是即使残疾了,也要想方设法不要造成障碍或减轻障碍。如果预防做好了,残疾率一定会下降。这是我们医务工作者最希望看到的。”

减轻残疾、消除残疾,不应仅是救助残疾人,更应体现在预防残疾上。今年8月,《陕西省残疾预防行动计划》印发,着重从控制出生缺陷和发育障碍致残、防控疾病致残、减少伤害致残、改善康复服务方面提出了残疾预防的内容。在着力防控疾病致残中,将进一步提高脊髓灰质炎、流行性乙型脑炎等致残性传染病的疫苗接种率,到2020年适龄儿童免疫规划疫苗接种率达95%以上;积极推进慢性病综合防控示范区创建工作,到2020年全省建成10个以上慢性病综合防控示范区,高血压、糖尿病患者的规范管理率达到80%以上。陕西省残疾人联合会副理事长兰孟偃介绍,目前西安市莲湖区、安康市旬阳县和神木市已经被国家确定为“全国残疾预防综合试验区”,残疾预防工作正在有序推进。

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