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古今中外说法袍

2017-08-21 03:16:35   中国青年网

文艺复兴同样孕育了宗教改革。随着教权的衰落与王权的扩张,法官的委任也渐渐从主教手中转移到了国王手中。一方面,罗马教廷不断通过禁令的形式阻止教士参与世俗法律事务,另一方面国王又热衷于委派贵族填补这些空缺,最终形成了“上帝的归上帝,凯撒的归凯撒”的局面。

既然司法已经不为教会所垄断,法袍自然也应当改弦易辙,成为世俗王权的符号。正如哈格里夫斯·莫兹利在《英国律师错位的传统》一书中所说的那样:“几乎在所有的国家,教士从市民法院消失之日,也就是明确的法律服装出现之时。”

文艺复兴时期的国王们都丝毫不掩饰他们对奢华之风的青睐:爱德华六世授权王座法院的法官可以穿丝绸衣服与羊羔皮、白貂皮披肩——丝绸在那时的欧洲可是千金难求的紧俏货;理查德二世与亨利六世同样给予法官以各色的面料与皮草用于法袍的制定。

当时法袍最流行的颜色有绿色、紫红色。与此形成鲜明对比的是,在教皇英诺森三世于13世纪初下达的禁令中,教士不穿长袍而身着绿色和紫红色的衣服将会受到严厉的惩罚。当然,这些华贵的法袍也只有高级法官才能穿得上,低级法官、法庭书记员的法袍依然以黑色为主。

法袍引入中国后

法袍在中国的身影,于清朝末年开始出现。1900年,光绪帝下诏“法令不更,锢习不破”决定修律,修律大臣沈家本在引进西方司法制度的同时也引进了法袍。不久,清朝灭亡,但中国人修律的热情并未消减。

1913年,北洋政府大总统教令第一号便对推事、检察官等法律职业共同体统一作出规定:“制服用黑色,领袖及对襟须镶边;推事用织金,检察官用紫绒。”教令中还不忘“支持国货”,规定“凡制服制帽均用本国丝织品、毛织品”。

新中国成立后,法官审判时的着装一度多为“人民装”,当然这也是那个时代里的主流服饰。

上世纪70年代末,中国曾掀起一阵法袍设计的风潮。当时有三种备选方案:黑袍式、军警式、西服式,不过最终这三种形式都没能战胜“人民装”。直到改革开放,“有法可依,有法必依,执法必严,违法必究”原则被确立,司法及法官重新受到重视,法袍才再一次进入国人视野。

1984年,共和国第一套法官制服诞生,但并不是法袍:红色肩章、大檐帽,个中不难看出浓浓的军事色彩。

直到2000年,中国才正式引进法袍,是为2000式审判服。2000式法袍及含义是:“黑色散袖口式长袍,黑色代表庄重和严肃;红色前襟配有装饰性金黄色领扣,与国旗的配色一致,体现法院代表国家行使审判权;四颗塑有法徽的领扣象征着审判权由四级人民法院行使,同时象征着人民法院忠于党、忠于人民、忠于事实、忠于法律。法官穿着法袍寓示着成熟的思想和独立的判断力,并表示遵循法律,对国家和社会负责。”

2010年,法袍在2000式旧款法袍基础上增加了法徽、领徽和袖章,更为庄严肃穆。可以说,前后两款法袍诠释了中国人对法治社会的热切追求与期望。

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