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暗物质与暗能量 成为研究最前沿

2017-08-20 14:46:19   中国青年网

爱因斯坦觉得从哲学思想上分析,这两种解都不合适,按他的想法宇宙应该是静止的,不能永不停息的运动。因此,爱因斯坦又向广义相对论引力方程中引入了一项“宇宙常数”。这个宇宙常数起排斥力的作用,有了该常数之后,引力方程同时具备了引力和斥力,正好能够达到平衡,可让宇宙“静止”下来。

上世纪20年代,美国著名天文学家哈勃经过观测发现,宇宙确实是在不断膨胀。他根据星系的距离和运行速度证实,离我们越远的星系向外运动的速度越快,这是宇宙正在膨胀的表现。这一观测结果完全与引入“宇宙常数”之前的引力方程的计算结果相契合,迅速得到了世界上绝大多数科学家的认可。爱因斯坦本来是想把宇宙“静止”下来,但实际的宇宙是在膨胀着,因此爱因斯坦不得不承认:“引入宇宙常数是我这一生所犯的最大错误!”

但爱因斯坦提出的“宇宙常数”并未被科学家们遗弃,一小部分科学家此后在将观测结果与理论进行对比的时候,常常会把此常数捎带上。如果计算结果显示“宇宙常数”等于0,就证明该数确实不能用;反之,就证明爱因斯坦引入一个常数的思路是对的。

1997年哈勃太空望远镜拍摄到一颗超新星,美国马里兰州太空望远镜研究所和劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室的天文学家通过对这颗超新星光线的相对强度进行的研究表明,它爆发于110亿年前,是迄今发现的最遥远的超新星,那时宇宙的“年纪”只有现在的四分之一,宇宙的膨胀很可能经历了一个先减速、后加速的过程。科学家为爱因斯坦的“暗能量”理论找到了第一个直接证据。

超新星即爆炸中的恒星,它发出的亮度是几十亿颗恒星亮度的总和。测定超新星的亮度,可以用来判断宇宙膨胀的速率。在宇宙减速膨胀中诞生的星体,其发出的光到达地球时,该星体和地球之间的距离由于膨胀减速的原因要比预计的近,因而地球上的观测者会发现其光要比预计中更亮。

经过大量的计算和分析,科学家们确认哈勃太空望远镜拍到的超新星亮度是预计正常亮度的两倍,比距离更近、更年轻的超新星爆炸发出的光还要亮。科学家们据此判定,这颗超新星爆发于宇宙的减速膨胀阶段。

科学家们指出,新发现和此前的观测结论相结合,证实了宇宙膨胀先减速后加速,同时也证明宇宙中确实存在“暗能量”。

“暗能量”据认为更接近能量,而非物质。科学家认为,与暗物质一样,“暗能量”构成了宇宙中不可见的一部分。科学家估计“暗能量”可能占据了宇宙成分的三分之二,对它的了解对于理解时间、空间、物质和能量具有关键作用。

1998年,天文学家们在南极用80万立方米气球搭载微波探测器,在空中控测了宇宙微波背景下扰动的大量样本。实验气球从1998年12月29日到1999年1月9日从37公里的高空飞越南极,发现宇宙微波背景是从各个方向袭击地球的持续的电磁声波。这些遥远的声音是大爆炸之后的遗留辐射。而此次探测的只是全天中的一小块,因此科学家得出结论:“宇宙常数”不等于0,且在整个宇宙中所占比例还很大。此后,“宇宙常数”正式被称为“暗能量”,这大概是爱因斯坦想不到的。

本报记者 蔡文清 J177

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