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以审判为中心改革背景下如何强化侦查监督

2017-08-20 08:22:44   中国青年网

当前推动侦查监督工作的难点与重点

在以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度改革目标指引下,结合我国侦查监督的现状与问题,今后应围绕一些突出问题,集中解决实践中的难点与重点问题,提高侦查监督效果。

立案监督的查缺补漏。刑事诉讼法第111条规定:“人民检察院认为公安机关对应当立案侦查的案件而不立案侦查的,或者被害人认为公安机关对应当立案侦查的案件而不立案侦查,向人民检察院提出的,人民检察院应当要求公安机关说明不立案的理由。人民检察院认为公安机关不立案理由不能成立的,应当通知公安机关立案,公安机关接到通知后应当立案。”尽管《人民检察院刑事诉讼规则(试行)》作了补充,但检察机关除了启动公安机关的自行调查程序外,并无其他强制约束力。公安机关仍不纠正的,检察机关只能求助于上级检察院与公安机关协商,立案监督流于形式。为此,应进一步完善检察机关对侦查机关违反规定不应当立案而立案、应当立案而不立案的监督机制,尤其应明确规定相应的程序性补救措施,例如,建议撤换侦查人员、指定异地管辖等。

强化讯问的合法性核查。讯问是违法侦查的高发地带,也是侦查监督的瓶颈所在。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、国家安全部、司法部《关于推进以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度改革的意见》规定,探索建立重大案件侦查终结前对讯问合法性进行核查制度,检察机关要切实履行好这项职责。除重点核查有无刑讯逼供外,还应审核是否在看守所内讯问,讯问过程是否有同步录音录像,讯问时律师是否在场提供帮助等问题。经核查,确有刑讯逼供、非法取证情形的,应当及时排除非法证据。

审查逮捕的诉讼化改造。逮捕是最严厉的刑事强制措施,是对公民权利的重大干预,涉及人身自由等重要权利,强化司法化审查,这是基本要求。推动审查逮捕诉讼化需要采取相应措施:一是建立批捕听证审查机制,加强听取犯罪嫌疑人和辩护律师的意见。审查逮捕诉讼化的核心是兼听各方意见,公正地作出是否批准逮捕的决定。二是逐步扩大探索公开审查的范围,将公开审查与讯问相结合,甚至代替讯问的途径,强化公开审查笔录的效力,优化审查逮捕意见书的制作。三是建立配套制度。与公安、司法行政机构加强协商,完善审查逮捕阶段的法律援助机制,提高审查逮捕案件的有效辩护程度。充分保障检察官依法独立办理审查逮捕案件,体现司法的独立性和亲历性。

建立涉案财产的检察监督机制。在刑事诉讼法中对涉及财产的强制措施或涉案财产的返还、没收等问题,特别是关于搜查、查封、扣押、冻结、移送、返还、没收等侦查环节,由于立法不严且缺乏程序性制裁措施,检察机关的法律监督力度不够,侦查机关适用的随意性较大,行政化色彩仍然浓厚,是违法侦查的“重灾区”。同时,我国尚未建立起涉案财产的司法审查制度,缺乏当事人申请诉讼救济的机制。从2015年起,最高人民检察院持续深入开展规范司法行为专项整治,重点纠正违法扣押、冻结涉案财产等问题,收效显著。刑事侦查和司法机关应充分认识刑事诉讼中涉案财产处置程序依法规范的重要性,完善财产状况调查工作,实现检察机关的全程监督,完善事后的当事人救济机制,建立刑事裁判涉财产部分执行监督的外部协作机制,规范检察监督的司法化程序。

(作者分别为中国政法大学教授,河南省周口市人民检察院检察长、中国政法大学博士研究生)

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