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窗前总有花笺纸

2017-08-18 16:16:52   中国青年网

中国历史上从不缺手工创作达人,纸既产生,后世当然少不了各种各样的创新和演变,于是,许多不同的“明星”纸张产品,就这样充盈于历代文人墨客的书斋之中。汉代古纸常常以麻为原料,而到了晋代,就有了以桑树根皮为主要原料的“桑根纸”。晋代还有一种“明星纸品”鱼卵纸,这种纸洁白莹润,因上面有鱼卵状的纹理而得名,《笔阵图》中称它“虚柔滑净”,很受时人的喜爱与推崇。唐代《国史补》中收录了唐代许多种好用的纸:“纸之妙者,则越之剡藤、苔笺,蜀之麻面、屑骨、金花、长麻、鱼子、十色笺,扬之六合笺,蒲州白薄、重抄,临川滑薄”。这么多的品种,古代文人也多能如数家珍地说出它们之间的分别。一品好纸,常能引得读书人如痴如醉,如南唐有一种“澄心堂纸”,相传这种纸“肤如卵膜,坚洁如玉,细薄光润,冠于一时”,被奉为天下极品。可惜这种纸后来散失殆尽,只有为人所得,一纸可值千金,得到的人无不视若珍宝。

白纸方便好写,而彩纸风雅浪漫。东晋就出现了一些艺术性的彩色纸张,比如“桃花笺”等,跟后来的“蜀笺”很类似。古代蜀地生产彩笺,比如一种“十色笺”,每幅纸都是调和十种颜色的染料,出来后光彩照人。还有用方版印上鱼鸟花木等花纹的,称为“罗笺”和“鱼子笺”。还有一种“流沙笺”,是将变质的面糊和尚五彩颜料,再将纸从上面拖过,在纸上随机沾上颜色,这样制出的纸光彩流丽,且色彩还不重复。还有大名鼎鼎的“薛涛笺”,相传是唐代女诗人薛涛制作的,据说这种纸是来源于流传已久的“松花笺”,薛涛喜爱它的颜色,平时常拿它写诗,而薛涛好作小诗,尺幅过大的松花笺不合适她,于是她便命人将其缩小裁制,制成的小纸精巧便利,人们纷纷效仿,称其为“薛涛笺”。

此外,除了文人墨客的风雅,古人在彩色纸在使用上也有一些特定的不可逾越的规制,比如晋代“为诏以青纸、紫泥”,唐代“按弹奏,白简为重,黄纸为轻”等。

古代流传下来有名有姓的纸张,当然不止上述的这些,其他精巧别致、特色各异的还有太多了,无法一一说明。“窗前总有花笺纸,难寄人心字字明”,那种精巧,那种珍重,能不令人不自觉地“敬惜字纸”吗?可惜今天的人们难再有这样的体验了。

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