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中央一般转移支付与边疆省(区)公共服务供给

2017-08-17 13:11:41   中国青年网

H1:中央一般转移支付促进边疆地区公共服务供给规模。

中央一般转移支付的重要功能之一是校正地区财政收支失衡。边疆省区承担着大量的事权责任,而其可支出的财力却“捉襟见肘”。例如,2014年除辽宁省(53.64%)外,其他边疆8省区本地财政收入都不及其财政支出的一半,大部分边疆省区可供其支付的财权不到事权的1/3。研究表明,上级政府转移支付有“熨平”地区财政收支缺口的政策效果,进而改变地方政府支出偏好,增强公共服务供给的财政基础,提高公共服务供给水平。[14]基于此,提出假设:

H2:边疆地区财政赤字越大的省(区),公共服务供给规模越小。

解释转移支付效果悖论的原因是多方面的,其中很重要的原因是地区经济水平、社会结构、政府行为偏好、财政预算约束、区域特征等各不相同。经济水平主要指经济增长、产业优化和发展质量,社会结构主要指社会发展与民生改善,区域性特征主要指资源消耗与环境治理,财政预算约束主要指财力规模与支出责任,政府行为偏好主要指政府偏好生产性投资还是社会民生项目。此外,地区技术创新和公众需求也影响公共服务提供方式和产出水平。因此,地区发展与民生指数(DLI)作为替代传统经济增长的包容性指标,能有效描述边疆9省区的经济社会发展的协调度,减少解释公共服务供给的内生性偏差。提出研究假设:

H3:地区发展与民生改善水平影响边疆公共服务供给规模。

公共服务供给规模与公共服务消费的边际成本正相关,区域人口密度越高,政府提供等量公共产品的单位消费成本也越高,对公共服务的单位需求也越大。但是我国边疆地区尤其是西部边疆地广人稀,如西藏120多万平方公里的国土上仅生活着300多万人,而新疆的面积是江苏的10倍以上,人口却不足其30%。生活在高寒山区、偏远牧区,特别是沿边境线居住的边民,由于远离人口密集的消费市场,人口密度小,公共服务供给严重不足。提出研究假设:

H4:边疆省(区)人口密度越高,地区公共服务供给规模越大。

在政策层面,《国务院关于印发“十三五”促进民族地区和人口较少民族发展规划的通知》明确指出,“我国经济下行压力增大,稳增长、调结构、惠民生、防风险任务日益繁重,民族地区协调各方面关系、承受各种风险、化解社会矛盾的压力呈现加大趋势,面临脱贫攻坚和实现全面小康双重任务、发展经济和保护环境双重责任、加快发展和维护团结稳定双重压力”。在理论层面,可以从一般与特殊两个视角解析边疆特殊的省(区)情:在一般性层面,边疆省区经济发展滞后,产业结构转型困难,公共服务水平较低。2015年,边疆9省(区)人均GDP为4.32万元,远低于全国平均水平5.3万元。在特殊性层面,我国边疆省区多数是民族自治地区,自然条件差,历史欠账多,发展起点低,各级政府承担着大量复杂而敏感的民族宗教事务和紧迫的边疆维稳任务,导致边疆与内陆、沿海地区有不同的问题焦点和发展条件,决定了边疆公共事务的治理模式和重点任务不同,影响公共服务提供成本。进而,边疆安全与稳定、转方式与跨越式发展、资源开发与环境保护和保护民族文化多样性等特殊的省(区)情,在实践和理论两个层面都影响边疆公共服务供给水平。定量分析表明,这些内生性的边疆省(区)情以不可观测的地区固定效应形式影响着边疆公共服务水平。提出研究假设:

H5:边疆安全与稳定、转方式与跨越式发展、资源开发与环境保护和保护民族文化多样性共同构成边疆特殊的省(区)情,并以内生性的地区固定效应的形式影响着边疆公共服务供给规模。

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