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大城市的政府职权配置与现代政府型构

2017-08-17 13:06:42   中国青年网

(三)总结提升:拓展式的改革

行政职权是政府运作的核心,决定着行政机关的存在形态、运行方式。有了罗湖区的成功实践,深圳简政放权的步伐更加坚实,提出了全面下放重点领域事权、提高城市供给能力的“能放则放”的改革要求,改革领域进一步拓展:下放道路建设、交通运输等57项事权,工程质量监管、消防审批等10项事权,水务工程、污水污泥处理等4项事权,公园、绿化等9项事权,人力资源中介机构、养老机构审批管理等与民生密切相关的事权。陆续下放的144项事权中,审批类的76.3%,执行类的10.8%,监管类的12.9%;完全下放的61.7%,权限扩大的38.3%;业务量较多的48.1%,一般的18%,较少的23.3%,其他的10.7%。下放高“含金量”事权,增强了区经济社会发展、城市建设管理和公共服务供给的能力,进一步消解了投资项目审批链条长、效率低、推进难的问题。

(四)配套推进:协同式的改革

财权、人事权的相应调整,才能构建起完备的改革体系。按照财随事转、因事定费的原则,结合财税和土地出让收入,深圳实施了市区投资体制改革和财政体制改革,确定除全市性、跨界跨区项目外,其他政府投资全部下放;将部分“市投市建”项目调整为“区投区建”,取消“市投区建”,市、区政府投资比例由6∶4调整为5∶5。将规划国土、交通运输、市场监管驻区机构调整为双重管理,不宜实行属地管理的采取市管队伍区管领导、市管业务区管使用的方式,消化“条块”冲突。通过挖潜调剂,市级2374名编制“人随事走”充实下放到各区。强化基层行政执法,与市民关系密切、执法频率高的领域实行街道执法。发挥行政服务大厅的平台整合功能,全市实行“一号申请、一窗受理、一网通办”,民生服务事项下沉到社区。“下放真,落地实,配套全,办得好”,是改革的总体要求。

(五)职权重构:整合式的改革

城市是高度一体化的生命体,调整权力配置、实施职能整合是“强区放权”的核心方式。城市的整体性决定了如果任由各区切块管理,会对城市管理工作带来负面影响。以纵向放权使城市管理重心整体下移,并在事权下放过程中横向整合,实施行政职权的系统性简化优化;以外部效能为导向,改进职能履行方式,使行政职权纵向错位配置、事权事务相对均衡。做到市、区、街道各级的公共事务与审批事项对应、行政审批与许可事权统一、管理事权与行政职能一致、行政职权与行政责任对称,疏解区和街道法定职权“过小”与工作职责“过大”的矛盾,促使职责同构、多头管理、“小马拉大车”以及条块割裂等权力运行梗阻的消解。“政府改革与政府创新是政府体系由旧的模式向新的模式转变或自我完善过程中两个不同层面的内容。政府创新内涵于政府改革,服从并服务于整个政府改革。”[1]通过整合式政府改革与创新,市的任务是“瘦身健体”,对区的要求是“强身健体”,街道的目标则是“壮身健体”,三个层级的施政能力都在整合中得到相应提升。

(六)持续完善:验证式的改革

定位为“牵一发而动全身”的“强区放权”,就是要有效整合其他相关改革。如何兼顾城市管理整体性要求与调动基层积极性,如何兼顾便捷办事与承接能力,提升事权下放的精准度,需要持续地校验。深圳十个区的现代化程度并不同步,虽然“改革方案”下放的事权是一致的,但各区的理解和期许存在差别:承接能力强的区要求进一步加大事权下放力度,基础较弱的区“有心无力”、希望由市直部门代行或设缓冲期;在事权执行尺度上,有的区较严、有的区放宽,有的项目把握偏紧、有的则实施过松,做法上的不同会给管理和服务对象带来困扰。另一方面,市直部门对改革要求、下放事项的态度和做法也有出入。市直部门对区暂时无法承接到位的事项应再“送一程”;对下放效果不明显,或分散办理会造成行政资源较大浪费的事权可重新调整;有的还需要修订有关的地方性法规、规范性文件,理顺职权调整的法理关系,事权下放即使做不到“于法有据”,也能够“不与法冲突”。

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