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85名患儿死于医院“断氧” 近看印度医疗之殇

2017-08-16 10:44:46   国际在线

政府将医疗服务外包却滋生腐败

一方面,印度政府对医疗卫生行业的投入严重缺位;另一方面,较为极端的气候导致印度各种疾病横生,卫生条件较差。中国驻印度使馆提供的“赴印须知”中提到:“印度属热带气候,较常发生的疾病为:由不洁饮食引起的肠道疾病,如腹泻、痢疾、霍乱;因蚊虫叮咬引起的登革热、疟疾、流行性脑炎;因高温酷暑引起的中暑等”。像登革热、疟疾、霍乱、日本脑炎这些高传染性疾病在印度的广泛存在,也客观印证了其卫生环境的落后。

印度公立医院资源匮乏,床位紧张,医生不够用

政府最基本的职能之一就是向社会提供公共产品,然而在印度,以医疗卫生为代表的公共产品质量低下甚至缺失的情况屡见不鲜。印度政府出于资金不足和改善公共服务意愿不强的原因,一直未能向社会提供优质服务。近年来,印度政府虽然加大了与私营部门开展外包合作的力度,但效果不尽如人意,非但如此,还滋生了很多腐败问题。医疗卫生和国防采购领域成为了贪腐的重灾区。发生在巴巴•拉加夫•达斯医院的惨剧就是鲜活的例子,负责该院医疗器械设备的一名医生长期偷窃医院的氧气瓶,以供自己的私人诊所使用,导致该院氧气供应不稳定,最终酿成惨剧。

印度医疗行业的另一面:仿制药业发达 医疗旅游受欢迎

虽然印度的医疗基础设施薄弱,但其仿制药行业和医疗旅游却是名声在外。

印度是生产仿制药的大国,生产了全球20%的仿制药,仿制药在剂量、安全性、效力方面与专利药完全相同,但均价只有专利药的20%~40%,个别品种甚至相差10倍以上。尽管依靠廉价药挫败西方国家的产品而向海外市场销售的方式颇受非议,但印度自身却获益匪浅,用印度人的话说就是,印度制药业正在以实惠的价格成为“世界药房”。作为世界第三大仿制药生产大国,过去3年,印度制药业平均增速在14%左右,制药业成为印度经济的支柱之一,其生产的药品已经出口到200多个国家。

再说说医疗旅游。目前赴印医疗旅游的人数正在快速增长。据调查估算,印度每年从外国病患收益的净利润达到30亿美元。至2020年,印度靠医疗旅游获得的收入将达到80亿美元。与发达国家相比,印度医疗成本十分低廉,据印度工业联合会的一份报告称,印度的收费一般是欧美国家的1/10。以核磁共振成像扫描为例,该项目在美国需要700美元,在印度只需60美元。

能够看出,支撑仿制药和医疗旅游快速发展的最大因素是价格优势(药品价格和人工费用都很低)而非其他原因,两项产业的蓬勃发展并不与改善印度国内医疗条件正相关。这是因为仿制药的主要市场在国外,而医疗旅游也是私立医院通过吸引外国病人来赚钱的一种盈利方式,即便赚取大量外汇,也无法保证政府将此笔收入用于改善国内医疗条件。与此同时,由于印度没有健全的医疗事故法,缺乏相应的法律框架保护病人的权益,如果在治疗期间出现任何差错,病人几乎没有什么追索权,诉讼过程也可能耗费数年的时间。

可以说,印度医疗卫生领域的现状在某种程度上反应了印度多元化的复杂国情,希望令人伤心的“断氧门”事故给有关部门敲响警钟,让这样的惨剧不再发生。

(作者:甄博,四川大学南亚所助理研究员,曾在印度学习生活三年)

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