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墨西哥谨慎应对北美自贸区重新谈判

2017-08-16 07:25:53   中国青年网

区域内设置贸易壁垒将形成“一损俱损”的局面

美国知名智库彼得森国际经济研究所公布的报告指出,将重新谈判自贸协定作为美国减少同墨西哥贸易逆差的手段,这很难达成目标,因为贸易协定在解决贸易逆差的问题上是一个效率很低的工具。

而对于美国希望墨西哥提高劳动者工资,以降低墨西哥在用工成本上的吸引力,让企业回流美国,墨西哥方面指出,这一做法将降低北美地区整体的吸引力和竞争力。墨西哥经济学家彼得斯认为,北美自贸协定生效23年,北美地区乃至美洲地区的产业链已经十分成熟,产业分工细化,在自由化程度较高的北美自贸区内设置贸易壁垒,对区域内各方来说将形成“一损俱损”的局面。美国若采取一些保护主义措施,在为自己获得蝇头小利的同时,会令北美地区的贸易量整体收缩。

彼得斯认为,墨西哥制造业已成为北美整条产业链上不可缺少的一环,美国对这重要一环的制裁,最终会自尝苦果。无论是对墨西哥采取加税等措施,或者一味追求将企业从墨西哥或加拿大迁往美国,以保证美国的就业或者平衡国际贸易,都将拉高北美地区的部分产品制造成本,降低区域经济整体竞争力。这在损害别国企业利益的同时,也会损害美国的相关产业和消费者的利益。

此次谈判的另一大焦点是有关反倾销和反补贴关税申诉程序和争端解决机制的条款,即被称作“第19章”。该条款允许加拿大或墨西哥相关方将美国机构做出的关税决定提交至北美自贸协定特别仲裁小组。它会审查美国机构对关税决定的解释,可在必要时要求美国机构撤销其关税决定。

如果第19章从自贸协定中删除,特朗普政府将更容易无限期地对从加拿大和墨西哥进口的各类商品增加保护性关税,后者提交的申诉将送至美国司法部门解决,而加拿大和墨西哥显然不信任美国司法部门的效率。加拿大外长弗里兰在14日举行的新闻发布会上表示,加拿大认为北美自贸协定保留有效贸易仲裁机制非常重要,有好的贸易仲裁机制才能保持好的贸易伙伴关系。

达成的协定应该能够最大化激发整个地区的潜力

有分析认为,应该完善这一自贸协定,既不能直接废除,也不该在损害别人利益的基础上只扩大自己的利益。在不断推进重新谈判的进程中,三方显然都已注意到这一点。以美墨间谈判为例,两国6月达成食糖贸易协议,美国取消针对墨西哥食糖出口到美国的反倾销和反补贴关税,而墨西哥对美国在增加粗糖出口的同时,大幅减少精糖出口。这被视为美墨双方在北美自贸协定重新谈判前的一次互相试探,而两国在这次试探中各退一步,让北美自贸协定也有了一定转圜的余地。

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