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我的“三院论”:学院医院和法院

2017-08-16 04:26:47   中国青年网

著名旅美华裔历史学家黄仁宇先生在他的一篇演讲中,讲到一个有趣的故事。明朝时南方某地有一个县官,上任后颁布了一条新的规则:今后凡是来他的县衙门打官司的人,过堂时无论原告还是被告,统统要先“大刑伺候”,按在地上打几大板,然后再站起来陈述各自的理由。他的理由很简单,凡是到我这来打官司的,都是有辱儒道的家伙,没有一个是好东西。所以,先要让你们吃点苦头。这样一来,县衙门倒是门庭冷落、几可罗雀,可是乡间依旧是争斗不绝、盗匪横行。

有人说,假如你要了解一个国家的状况,最好的办法之一是看它的法院以及相关的法律体系。因为,这是当时的社会关系、文化状况、国家管理状况集中体现。1810年,中国的法典(《大清律例》)第一次翻译成英文出版,英国的一份报纸《爱丁堡评论》发表评论说,看来中国人在很多方面的知识都是不足的,我们发展很快的东西,他们都不知道。

清末司法改革是中国古代传统法治开始转型的起点。在上个世纪初的清末修律中,中国政府开始引进西方近代资本主义的法院组织机构,建立起全新的法院体制。光绪32年(1906年)9月20日清政府颁布法令宣布:“大理寺改为大理院,专掌审判”。随后,大理院又拟定借鉴国外经验,建立大理院、高等审判厅、地方审判厅、初级审判厅四级机构,并实行四级三审制。同时,在创办检察机关、尝试司法回避制度、庭审辩论制度方面,也有所建树。尽管其中还带有中国传统社会的痕迹,但其主要内容无一例外是移植西方国家先进经验、制度和原则的产物。这一切对于中国官员和亿万百姓来说,都是闻所未闻的新鲜事。

效仿西方和日本,改变地方司法与行政合一的体制,推行四级三审制也是清末司法改革的重要内容。地方以省议会为立法机关,以总督、巡抚为地方行政机关,以高等审判厅为地方高级审判机关。同时在府、州县设地方审判厅和初级审判厅。同时,沈家本等法理派还认识到侦察权、公诉权与审判权的分立对实现刑事程序正义、保障被告方的人权的重要意义,力主审检分离,相应设立各级检察厅,对刑事案件提起公诉。

我们同时还注意到,在清末修律的过程中,不仅移植了大量西方近代的司法制度和原则,也引入了不少西方资本主义社会的司法观念,诸如公开审判、司法独立、人权保障、律师辩护、平民陪审、无罪推定等。由此,中国初步建立起与西方接轨的司法体制,近现代中国努力摆脱专制主义传统、走向法治社会的序幕正式拉开。

诚然,我们必须看到,自清末开始的移植先进的诉讼制度和司法体系以及原则和观念,随着王朝更替和岁月动荡,大部分都半途夭折,留下了诸多遗憾。尽管中国第一批现代法学先行者们真诚地希望学习西方法制以强国富民,付出了巨大的艰辛,但是由于在专制体制内,这些学者们毕竟不是直接的决策者和执政者,由此导致他们诸多努力往往事倍功半,付之东流。显然,这是历史的无奈和悲哀。不过,当年这场颇为轰轰烈烈的修律与移植西方法律运动,对后来的中国社会产生了深远的影响。但虽屡经挫折和风雨,其具有的普遍价值和意义始终没有泯灭。它如同从域外文明引进了先进的法律种子,播撒在中国这个文明古国的大地上。后来的历史发展证明,一旦适宜的气候降临,这些种子就开始生根、发芽、开花、结果。可谓“野火烧不尽,春风吹又生”。

从上个世纪初到现在,中国司法脱离传统轨道、学习西方以寻求理性的司法制度已有一百多年了。然而,中国的法制前进的步履和其他领域相比较,始终显得艰辛异常。现代法院通常有两个重要的功用:立案和执行。然而,在今天的中国法院,立案不易,执行更难,以至于有人终于发明了一个幽默的中国法律术语为“法律白条”。我们说,在和平年代里,国家的公信力的最有效的体现就是法律和法院判决得以实施。然而,“法律白条”的出现,无疑是对司法的公正性和合法性的轻蔑。当我们极力推崇“宋鱼水”这样的以调解方式创造出“高结案率”的“优秀法官”时,除了赞叹宋法官正直勤奋苦口婆心的敬业精神以外,让人们还看到的是:司法威信在技术层面的自我退让。这种肇始于革命根据地“马锡五式的办案方式”,一直被不容质疑地沿用至今。它至少无奈地告诉人们,司法作为今天中国社会公正最后一道防线,它的底气还明显不足。

(未完待续)

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