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迈向法治化时代

2017-08-16 04:26:11   中国青年网

“孙子因网瘾不能满足而拿刀怒怼爷爷”是中国家庭教育面临挑战的一个缩影,这类事件背后的成因既有社会转型的宏观背景,又有某一家庭的微观环境,颇为复杂,梳理总结起来其中有3个方面要引起特别重视。

一是陈旧的家庭教育观念。传统观念将家庭教育视为私人领域,外人和社会无权干涉,没有将儿童视为平等、独立的个体,从而导致家庭教育的任意性:或者放任自流、疏于管教,或者只重视其物质需求、忽视其情感需求,或者惩戒方式简单粗暴等。

二是相对不足的家庭教育知识。根据全国妇联进行的一项调查显示,多数父母存在不同程度的养育焦虑,近50%的家长不知道用什么方法教育孩子,约八成的家长表示“缺乏相关知识和经验借鉴”,仅有三成家长认真学习过有关子女品行教育、亲子关系等知识,对于家庭教育的特点、规律、方法了解较少。

三是相对低效的家庭教育帮扶和联动机制。家庭教育不仅需要父母等监护人负起主体责任,而且还需要社区、学校和妇联、民政及相关公益性组织等密切联动和大力支持。对那些遭遇特殊困难和情况的儿童家庭来说尤其如此。实际上,近年来社会上发生的与家庭教育有关的热点事件,几乎都发生在这类家庭中,并且由于缺乏或者缺少联动机制,这类家庭很难得到及时援助。

推动法治化进程

随着对家庭教育认知的深入,中国政府相关部门逐步加大对其主导和推进力度,特别是改革开放以来,出台了一系列政策。据南京师范大学教育科学学院教授缪建东介绍,1996年是中国家庭教育发展政策的一个分水岭,在此之前,家庭教育政策通常作为妇女儿童事业发展的一部分,偏向于强调家长掌握保育知识,对后代基本知识的传授和品德培养。比如,1992年颁布的中国首部儿童发展行动计划《九十年代中国儿童发展规划纲要》规定,到20世纪末使90%儿童(14岁以下)的家长不同程度地掌握保育、教育儿童的知识。再比如,1995年发布的《中国妇女发展纲要(1995—2000年)》提出,提倡夫妻共同抚育子女,并利用多种形式向父母传播正确教育子女的知识与经验。随着1996年《全国家庭教育工作“九五”计划》的出台,中国家庭教育开始作为一项专门工作进行部署。之后,接连出台了全国家庭教育工作的三个五年规划。

特别值得一提的是,2010年2月,全国妇联、教育部等7部委首次联合发布《全国家庭教育指导大纲》,这是首份国家层面的科学系统全面的家庭教育指导性文件,确立了家庭教育“儿童为本”“家长主体”“多向互动”三原则,给出了“特殊儿童的家庭教育指导”“特殊家庭的家庭教育指导”“灾害背景下的家庭教育指导”,并提出了包括经费投入在内的5项保障措施。这是针对我国家庭教育中存在的问题,进行的集中部署和全面动员,旨在破解长期以来困扰的难点,该大纲的发布成为我国家庭教育发展史上的一座里程碑。

制定专门的家庭教育法,实现家庭教育法治化,为推进家庭教育提供完备的法律保障是《全国家庭教育指导大纲》提出的一项重要任务。据报道,家庭教育法起草工作已由全国妇联牵头,教育部等部门参与,共同推进。中国青少年研究中心研究员、家庭教育首席专家孙云晓表示,期待家庭教育法尽快出台,认为该法应该既明确家长的主体责任,又要强调政府的主导作用。同时,他建议相关立法工作由国家设立的家庭教育指导委员会或者授权教育部统筹来推进,这样将比全国妇联作为人民团体牵头推进更有效。

重庆、贵州等地的先行立法为全国家庭教育立法提供了有益的借鉴。我们期待,在丰富实践经验基础上,一部体现现代教育理念、根植于中国教育文化环境的家庭教育法能够尽快来到我们身边,为发扬中华民族传统家庭美德,促进家庭和睦与下一代健康成长保驾护航。

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