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聚焦直接融资第一篇——直接融资“蛋糕”做多大合适?

2017-08-15 15:28:31   中国经济网

长期“脱媒化”空间较大

前海开源首席经济学家杨德龙表示,与部分发达国家相比,从增量测算角度,目前我国的直接融资增量比重已处于相对合理水平,基本符合发达国家的均值水平;从存量角度看,我国直接融资存量比重一直处于较低水平,明显低于发达国家水平,融资“脱媒化”发展空间较大。

“我国社会融资规模目前仍以人民币贷款为主,以银行信贷为主导。而欧美发达国家的直接融资占比为八、九成左右,是市场主导型的金融结构。美国的债券市场规模全球第一,是股票市场的两倍多。我国债券市场规模约为68万亿元,沪深两市股票总市值约为52万亿元,在结构上有继续优化空间,直接融资的‘蛋糕’还能做得更大、更好。”姚余栋认为,对于直接融资内部结构问题,应把决定权交给市场。在监管部门表态重视直接融资不会放松IPO标准后,以目前一周一批次的IPO速度看,处理IPO堰塞湖的任务可能不会一蹴而就。在我国经济新常态背景下,债券的风险发现有一个必经过程,到2018年情况可能会有好转,市场会从紧张转向平静。

邓海清认为,我国直接融资存量比重持续低位,结构上的主要原因是由于我国企业上市节奏较慢、股市市值增速较慢,对整体直接融资占比形成一定影响,在完善多层次资本市场方面还有较大发展空间。

做大直接融资“蛋糕”正当时

提高直接融资比例,首先要有一个繁荣、健康的多层次资本市场。姚余栋认为,在银行信贷为主导的金融体系结构下,中小企业面临的融资难、融资贵等问题仍将在一定范围内存在,发展直接融资、健全多层次资本市场有利于资金更为有效配置,有利于中小企业和创新型企业发展。同时,在面临潜在危机时,以直接融资为主导的经济体往往有更好的弹性与恢复力。

“发展直接融资的优势很多,如果经济处于下行‘清算’期,市场面临阶段性稳杠杆、去杠杆的过程,这时的实体经济较为脆弱,直接融资更透明的方式将意味着经济稳定性更高;相比贷款融资方式,债券融资、股票融资的市场定价有效性、资源配置效率程度更高,从而有利于资金流向效率更高的企业,利于经济下行‘清算’期的市场出清与高效企业发展;相比信贷融资,债券融资方式更为透明,提高债市融资的比例,有助于降低金融系统风险。”邓海清认为,当前要做大直接融资“蛋糕”应从要稳步推进注册制、规范股市健康发展、保护投资者合法权益、控制去杠杆节奏、恢复债市融资功能等多方面着眼,不能仅盯着新股发行。

从长远看,做大直接融资“蛋糕”是一项系统工程。姚余栋认为,直接融资的发展事实上与国家产业结构、资本市场结构息息相关,应在多层次资本市场的建设、金融体制市场化改革、市场法制保障等方面做出更多努力。在当前防金融风险去杠杆、监控影子银行发展的大环境下,直接融资将迎来一个大发展、大提升的时期。

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