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探究海外名校大学之美:牛津大学因门而美

2017-08-14 10:22:52   央广网

博洛尼亚大学校史虽可追溯到1088年,却因由学生自发组建,奠基证据无从稽查。法国认为,西方最古老的大学应该是巴黎大学,成立于1198年,且有教皇手谕为证。自建校之日起,便执意打造基督教世界的最高学府。而且,包括牛津大学在内的几乎所有欧洲大学均由巴黎大学衍生而来。千年之际,当欧盟力推有史以来最为宏大的高等教育改革之时,把该项改革工程命名为“博洛尼亚进程”,整幅蓝图则由《索邦宣言》绘就。博洛尼亚进程实为对大学历史的至高致敬。致敬的不仅是这两所大学对高等教育的创举,更是在中世纪的桎梏下保存人类人文精神火花的勇气。

走出中世纪,大学取代教堂,成为圣殿。众所周知,美国大学有供奉吉祥物的传统,最初源于大学体育赛事。普林斯顿大学是虎,耶鲁大学是狗,具体而言,是斗牛犬。普林斯顿圣殿竟然由耶鲁人设计,于普林斯顿人而言,是可忍孰不可忍。既然圣殿的神圣性不容亵渎,普林斯顿人只好揶揄:画虎不成反类犬。然而,正是由于竞争,人类高等教育事业才能“苟日新,日日新,又日新”。

因门而美

大学之大,在于其高。象牙塔的塔尖即学术顶尖,无疑高不可攀。同样仰之弥高的还有象牙塔的门槛。跨入学府,犹如鱼跃龙门。当年初到牛津,钱钟书就从公共汽车上狠狠摔下,磕掉大半个门牙。此次初吻牛津,钱钟书视其为“和牛津泥土的第一次拥抱”。初吻的惨痛或许因牛津门槛所慑。

牛津培养了雪莱,剑桥孕育了拜伦。拜伦毕业于剑桥大学三一学院——该校最具贵族气质的机构。学院大门上方有一尊创始人亨利八世雕像,左手托起一只象征皇权与神权的金色圆球,右手却举着一根椅腿。原来,拜伦在读期间偷梁换柱,以椅腿取代节杖。拜伦因塑造一系列“拜伦式英雄”角色而载入世界文学史册。但生活中,世袭勋爵拜伦本人就以斗士著称。如今,每每走过剑桥大学三一学院大门,犹如接受一次英雄史诗的洗礼。在剑桥大学的冈维尔与凯斯学院,学子务必穿越学术道路的三重门:入学时的谦卑之门,在读时的道德之门,毕业时的荣誉之门。学生也命名一座石门,连接树木庭院和冈维尔庭院的石门,取名为“应急之门”,因此门通向厕所。

赤门是东京大学校园内仅存的一座御守殿门。建造御守殿门是江户时代藩王娶妻的一种习俗,因通身涂抹红色而得名。东京大学是日本最高学府,“跨入赤门”即意味着金榜题名。在西班牙,学子想要在考场春风得意,会在考试之前奔赴建于1218年的萨拉曼卡大学,在该校大门前,与镌刻在门上的青蛙邂逅。而在哈佛,与校门门楣上的那只猪头相视,亦为难得的幸事。然而,萨拉曼卡的青蛙和哈佛的猪头从何而来,既无从考证,亦无须追问。大学文化本身未必遵循“大胆假设,小心求证”的铁律。

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