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民粹主义的前世今生
2017-08-14 05:23:08 中国青年网
民粹主义还和另一个概念容易混淆,就是民族主义。民族主义是随着近代西方民族国家的兴起而产生的。二战以后,大量的亚非拉民族国家独立,使得民族主义成为近现代一个重要的社会思潮。民族主义是一个民族内部成员集体的存在意识,有着强烈的排外和自利倾向。当一个国家或民族遭遇可能的外部威胁时,民粹主义经常会以一种极端的民族主义或爱国主义的面目出现,把对国内精英的排斥转化为对其他民族的仇视,体现出极端的排他性和封闭性。例如,近年来发生的英国全民公决脱欧、欧洲的反移民浪潮、美国特朗普上台后强调美国利益优先等,剖析其实质,都是一种穿着民族主义外衣的民粹主义。
目前,我国的民粹主义正借助互联网野蛮生长,网络传播的民间性、隐蔽性、即时性和低成本都是其滋生泛滥的温床。尤其是我国正处于社会转型期,各种社会矛盾集中高发,如贫富差距、城乡差距、环境污染、食品安全、道德失范、官员腐败、医患纠纷等。一些网民在讨论和传播这些信息时,往往在没有调查 、不了解事情真相的情况下信口开河、情绪激昂,从而混淆视听,造成人们判断错误,引发了很多网络暴力事件。有些网民甚至还借保护弱势群体利益之名,否定其他社会群体的正当利益,制造平民群众和精英群体的对立。如“不要让李嘉诚跑了”“不要让曹德旺跑了”等非理性声音,都产生了恶劣的影响,客观上导致矛盾激化,不利于社会和谐发展。此外,各种自媒体也在推波助澜,煽动民粹主义。
总之,民粹主义从来就有,将来也不会消失。它隐藏在人类的心智里,是勒庞《乌合之众》里的非理性群众,是弗洛伊德笔下被催眠后人类显现的本我。民粹主义极具破坏性,需要我们高度警惕、积极防范。如何有效遏制民粹主义的滋长,除了要加强公民教育,提升公民的心智水平之外,更需要从民主和法治建设入手。只有营造一个健康的民主法治环境,才能从根本上遏制民粹主义的肆意发展。
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