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拜占庭金币的东方之旅

2017-08-14 05:22:53   中国青年网

拜占庭金币在东方的发现和出土,表明了拜占庭帝国时期东西方经济文化交往的繁荣。据美国中亚学家内马克教授的研究,中亚拜占庭金币及其仿制品的发现数量在20枚左右,其中索里得的数量为4枚(分别于拜占庭皇帝阿纳斯塔修斯一世、莫里斯、希拉克略和君士坦丁共治、提比略三世时期发行),两枚铜币及其仿制品,多枚索里得仿制品和仿制金片。它们流通的时间多为5至8世纪初,其中18枚出土于撒马尔罕和费尔干纳地区。据中国学者研究,中国自19世纪末发现拜占庭金币以来,至今已有200枚金币及其仿制品,这一数据远远高于中亚、南亚以及东南亚地区。考古报告显示,它们大部分出土于墓葬,墓主则包括粟特人、游牧民族中的贵族和皇族。值得注意的是,上述金币出土地点基本位于古丝绸之路沿线地带,包括新疆、青海、甘肃、宁夏、河南、河北、内蒙古、辽宁等地。据英国学者瑞贝卡·达莉统计,印度所发现的拜占庭时期钱币总数高达4000多枚,以铜币为主,其中金币及仿制品189枚,近1/3为仿制品。以上数据表明,拜占庭帝国与东方的交往非常活跃。

拜占庭金币通过不同的方式,沿着古丝绸之路,向东方传布,在不同肤色、不同语言、不同的商人、使者、士兵、僧侣手中流转,被各国贵族王侯视为护身辟邪的宝物和珍贵饰物,甚至随葬埋入地下,为后世留下了难得的史料文物。千年之后,重见天日。这些金币不仅诉说着昔日拜占庭帝国的荣光,更展示了古丝绸之路沿线各民族之间的交流与融合。关于亚洲出土拜占庭金币及其仿制品的功能问题是目前最有争议的话题,金币及其仿制品是否用于流通?是否仅用于随葬品、或葬仪中的口钱、或装饰物等?类似的问题目前尚无得出确切的答案,亟待新的发现和新的研究提供更多信息。

(作者:李强、徐家玲,单位:东北师范大学世界古典文明史研究所)

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