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刑法典和行政刑法并立

2017-08-14 04:17:51   中国青年网

更难能可贵的是,李教授并未简单地满足于这种研究路径的转型,而是为此建构了一系列新的刑法之外的行政刑法的基本概念和范畴,并用制度来拱卫这种新的行政刑法理论体系。

首先,在概念上,《行政刑法新论》批判了以往对于行政刑法的狭义或者广义的定义,而提出了“中义的行政刑法”的概念,认为“它是规定什么是刑法之外的行政性刑事违法行为,以及如何认定该行为,最终行为人应承担行政法中规定的‘人身自由罚’等行政性刑事责任的行政刑法规范的总和”。并且坚持认为,其中中义的核心是行政罚中人身自由罚的司法化。本书还创造性地提出了行政性刑事违法行为的概念,并将其理解为是介于违法和犯罪间的缓冲地带。诚如作者所言,“‘行政性刑事违法行为’称谓的创立,也为我国行政刑法的深入研究、重新界分与定位开阔了思路,并为现实和未来行政刑法的研究及其所涉及的立法体系的协调、对接及司法实践的操作奠定了基础”。甚至于其还从行为要素、责任要素、价值要素三个方面,提出了行政性刑事违法行为的成立要件,从而进一步深化了行政刑法的理论。

其次,在内容上,由于劳教制度被废止,故我国传统的“治安管理处罚—劳动教养—刑罚”三元制的违法犯罪制裁体系被打破,自然形成了“治安管理处罚—刑罚”二元制的违法犯罪制裁体系。想不到的是,《行政刑法新论》一书在深入系统研究梳理我国行政刑法理论的基础上,建构了“行政法—轻罪法—刑法”我国违法犯罪制裁的新体系——称作“新三元制裁体系”,而且这一体系是在依然保持我国现有的行政法体系的基础上建构的,非常实用和不易。而且,本书不仅将行政处罚法中自由罚和财产罚、收容教养、收容教育中的自由罚、强制医疗、戒毒等中的人身自由罚纳入其中,还将刑法中的拘役刑、管制以及危险驾驶、恶意欠薪等行为也作为行政刑法的内容,从而形成了行政刑法的特有机制,在坚持刑法之外立场的同时,也吸收了刑法的部分规定,从而使得理论观点更具合理性与新颖性。

再次,在我国刑事法体系的宏观设计上,基本实现了符合我国国情和现实特点的“二元结构”模式,即刑法典和行政刑法的并立。但需要指出的是,这里的二元并非是国外刑罚与保安处分制度的简单移植,而是立足于我国法律体系的实际,从我国法治环境和国情出发,创造性地提出了刑法之内的“刑罚体系”与刑法之外的“行政刑法体系”或称“附属刑法体系”,并且明确与保安处分之间的不同。

最后,本书还从立法理念与立法内容这两个方面扩展了行政刑法规范,提出了行政刑法程序的具体构建,其中有很多制度颇值得立法者参考,例如简易简化审程序、法官独任制、降低证明标准、不进入刑事登记、轻罪的认罪协商及辩诉交易制度等,显然,这对于提高行政性刑事违法行为或者轻罪的审理效率均具有重要意义。

综上,李晓明教授的《行政刑法新论》一书,既旁征博引了国内外学者的诸多见解,又充分考虑到了我国立法的现状,解决了刑法既定性又定量,而且“附属刑法”没有罪名与刑罚的立法模式、广泛存在涉及人身自由罚的行政处罚等不同于国外立法的棘手问题。围绕着从刑法之外来建构行政刑法这一核心观点,从概念、内容、责任、程序等诸多方面进行了多角度的充分论证。本书创新独到、见解深刻,理论指导意义巨大,完全可以认为是行政刑法领域难以绕过的学术山峰。

(作者系东南大学法学院院长、国家长江学者特聘教授)

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