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海外国民保护彰显大国责任

2017-08-14 04:17:49   中国青年网

因保护国民撤侨渐成惯例

国民保护作为一项国际惯例,早在1956年的苏伊士运河危机中,就首次由英国付诸实施。事后,英国外交大臣塞尔温·劳埃德声称,为了保护国民而行使自卫权并未违反《联合国宪章》第51条,并以前述“沃尔多克三项标准”进行论证。安理会对此进行了一次讨论后,便“不再追究”。两年后,艾森豪威尔总统也实施了类似行为,向黎巴嫩派驻1万名美军。该次行动同样被提到联合国安理会讨论,同样没有追究。

近年来,“国民保护原则”渐渐得到国际社会支持,并有被纳入国际法委员会《外交保护条款草案》的趋势。在国际法委员会和联合国大会关于2000年外交保护第六次会议上,特别报告员约翰·杜加尔德(John Dugard)在国际法委员会条款草案中提出了一项特别条款。杜加尔德认为,在某些特定的情形下可允许诉诸武力作为行使自卫权的一种方式。尽管这一特别条款最终未得到足够的票数支持,但其一定程度上巩固了基于国民保护进行军事撤侨作为一项国际惯例的地位。

专家建议加强法制保障

目前,世界上许多国家在保护本国海外国民权益方面都开展了相关立法工作。如日本于2004年制定了《国民保护法案》,2005年在内阁会议上通过了《有关国民保护的基本方针》;根据基本方针的要求,日本外务省又制定了详细的《外务省国民保护计划》。而美国除了有完善的《全民紧急状态法》外,“9·11事件”后更加紧了对美国海外机构和公民的安全保卫工作。尽管现行宪法第50条规定中国公民海外权益应受保护,但“徒宪不足以自行”。目前除了我国2009年10月31日通过的《中华人民共和国驻外外交人员法》外,我国在海外国民保护方面上还没有专门的法律法规。

因此,借《战狼2》的热映和社会广泛关注的契机,有学者建议就军事撤侨等海外国民保护问题,加强法制建设:

对外层面,在国际法层面尚未形成条约公约时,应当通过签订双边条约和多边条约,建立有效的双边国家或区域内相互间(第三国)的保护机制。对与我国有外交或领事关系的,华侨较多或外派企业和人员较多的国家,更应当加强同这些国家签订双边条约,以保护我国公民在该国的人身和财产安全。此外,还可以积极参与各种地区性合作组织,如东盟地区论坛(ARF)、上海合作组织、亚太安全合作理事会(CSCAP)等,通过签订多边条约的形式,保护中国公民在这些缔约国的合法权益。

对内层面,应当通过专门立法,更好地保护海外中国公民的合法权益,如制定《中华人民共和国海外公民保护法》。有专家提出,这项法律或许应该至少包括以下内容:

一是设立专门的国外安全风险预警机制。这一机制至少应包括三个环节:关注,对各地可能导致侵侨事件发生的动向和趋势持续关注;评估,对所在国政治走向或中国侨民与当地民众矛盾激化程度可能导致侵侨的概率进行预判;预警,即提前发出安全警示,提供撤离建议。二是建立海外中国公民权益保护的专项基金,为突发事件的应急救济提供资金保障。三是设立重要证件的云保管制度。对于护照等能证明身份的重要证件,领事机构应当做好在线存档,以备不时之需;加强人脸数据库的建设,提高救援时的识别效率。四是明确撤侨行动负责机构,培训专业救援力量,建立支持网络。

未来,“战狼”或许能不再赤手空拳只身赴险,而海外中国公民也能更加感受到祖国的强大和家的温暖。

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