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台湾:反贪污贿赂刑事立法形神兼备

2017-08-11 15:26:45   中国青年网

同时,该条例对上述三类贪污罪分别规定了三个档次的量刑幅度:对重大贪污受贿行为处无期徒刑或10年以上有期徒刑,得并科新台币300万元以下罚金;对较重贪污受贿行为处7年以上有期徒刑,得并科新台币200万元以下罚金;对较轻贪污受贿行为处5年以下有期徒刑,得并科新台币100万元以下罚金。此外,条例还规定,因犯贪污贿赂犯罪而被宣告有期徒刑以上之刑者,并处剥夺公权。依台湾“刑法”第36条规定,剥夺的公权包括:(1)为公务员之资格;(2)为公职候选人之资格;(3)行使选举、罢免、创制、复决四权之资格。当然,“贪污治罪条例”也并非完全不考虑贪污数额对贪污罪量刑的影响,该条例第12条第1款规定,犯贪污罪,情节轻微,而其所得或所图财物或不正利益在新台币5万元以下者,减轻其刑。

由此可见,台湾地区刑事立法立足于贪污贿赂犯罪侵犯的主要是公务行为的廉洁性,而主要以贪污贿赂的行为方式并结合贪污贿赂的对象作为罪轻罪重的标准,从而将贪污贿赂犯罪分为三个级别并相应规定了三个档次的法定刑,同时也将贪污贿赂的数额作为贪污贿赂犯罪量刑的依据之一。

我国大陆地区现行刑法对贪污受贿罪的定罪量刑标准的规定与台湾地区有较大差异:刑法第383条以贪污受贿数额为标准,规定了四档定罪量刑标准,而不论贪污贿赂的行为方式或贪污贿赂的对象。笔者认为,贪污贿赂的行为方式及所贪污贿赂的公私财物的不同,反映出行为人的主观恶性及行为的社会危害性亦不同。而且,贪污贿赂行为侵犯的主要客体应是公务行为的廉洁性而非公私财产所有权,贪污贿赂的金额并不能全面、真实地反映贪污受贿行为的社会危害性大小,故而以贪污贿赂金额作为罪轻罪重的标准,并不能准确体现罪刑相适应的原则。

此外,我国大陆地区的现行刑法中并没有规定对贪污贿赂犯罪科处罚金刑的规定,仅规定“可以并处没收财产”。这无疑又是一个缺憾之处。因为贪污贿赂犯罪分子的贪财图利思想严重,仅靠处以剥夺自由刑等刑罚,是无法抑制其继续贪财犯罪欲望的。对其并科经济性刑罚,包括罚金和没收财产,既是对其贪利思想的矫治,又有利于预防其再犯新罪。

令人欣喜的是,笔者注意到,正在征求意见中的《刑法修正案(九)草案》在修改贪污贿赂犯罪定罪量刑标准时,拟删去对贪污贿赂犯罪规定的五千、五万、十万等具体数额标准,原则规定数额较大或者情节较重等三种情况,相应规定三档刑罚,其中还将选科没收财产刑的规定改为并科罚金刑或没收财产刑。虽然草案仍将数额作为贪污贿赂犯罪定罪量刑的重要依据,但不再规定具体数额并兼顾情节的做法至少淡化了数额对贪污贿赂犯罪定罪量刑的分量,这无疑也是一大进步。当然,最为科学且合理的做法应当是借鉴台湾地区的做法,设置专门的反贪污贿赂刑事法律,并主要以贪污贿赂的行为方式和对象作为定罪量刑的标准,同时辅之以贪污贿赂的数额标准。

(作者单位:华东政法大学法律学院)

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