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未来人民币汇率弹性将进一步加大

2017-08-11 11:34:46   央广网

人民币兑美元强劲升值(2017年5月至今)。2017年5月下旬,央行再次调整汇率形成机制,在定价模型中加入了逆周期因子,最终形成了“收盘价+一篮子+逆周期调节因子”的定价机制。其主要目的是适度对冲市场情绪的顺周期波动,缓解外汇市场可能存在的“羊群效应”。这一新型定价机制,极大地增强了央行的公信力和市场的信心。随着中国经济在二季度继续走好和美元指数继续下行,人民币兑美元汇率连续突破一系列整数关口,终于走出了“8?11”汇改以来最强劲的升值行情。在此期间,离岸在岸即期汇率之间多数时间以倒挂为主,显示市场上的贬值预期已经明显修复。

(三)汇改取得的成效显著

一是人民币汇率贬值预期有效释放,波动幅度保持在可控范围内。汇改之前,人民币跟随强势美元对非美货币大幅升值,积累了一定贬值压力,通过一年半的四轮贬值,人民币兑美元最多贬值了10.5%,基本属于可控范围,没有发生部分机构认为的20%、30%,甚至更大幅度的贬值。二是经济内外部环境更加均衡。人民币贬值后,我国国际收支表现更加平衡,同时,外汇占款也不再成为流动性输入的外生因素。三是汇率形成机制更加市场化。人民币汇率弹性大幅增加,中间价形成机制更为合理,同时货币政策独立性也随之提高。

短期展望:由贬转升有望持续

人民币对美元汇率转向升值,首要原因在于美元自身的贬值。2017年开年美元指数在达到103.8的高峰后开始不断下滑。一方面,随着特朗普在医改方案、减税新政上屡屡受挫,“特朗普行情”不断被证伪,导致市场回归理性而看空美元。另一方面,尽管美联储在一季度与二季度如期加息,但全年三次加息的预期早已被市场透支。而非美地区货币收紧预期接踵而来,欧元区经济稳健复苏,英国经济受脱欧影响好于预期,都加强了欧洲推进货币政策正常化的预期,使得非美货币不断走强。

同时,人民币自身也存在逐步企稳的因素。2017年以来,非美货币的接连走强导致人民币在对美元升值的同时,对一篮子货币仍呈现整体贬值,但从贬值幅度与趋势来看,也出现逐步企稳迹象。特别是近期人民币走出独立行情,在美元不弱的情况下领涨非美货币,主要有以下六大原因:一是中国经济基本面好于预期。上半年中国GDP同比增长6.9%,明显好于年初预期,IMF、世行也相继上调我国全年GDP增速预测。二是通胀保持稳定。今年CPI预计将整体保持在1.5%左右,较去年1.5%到2%的区间小幅下移。通胀预期温和,有助于保障人民币购买力,形成支撑长期汇率的基本面。三是货币政策保持稳健中性。M2增速在5月、6月接连创历史新低,M2/GDP在2016年达到208%高点后开始下降,年末预计能回落至205%左右,意味着在金融去杠杆大背景下,中国“货币超发”问题多年来首次改善。四是国际收支重回“双顺差”,且外储连续增长。2015与2016两年,中国国际收支出现了“一顺一逆”格局,且不包含储备货币的资本与金融项逆差大于经常项顺差,导致外储回落。近期公布的2017年上半年国际收支表显示,“双顺差”再度回归。这表明,金融项下的资本流出已经逆转。五是系统性风险下降与金融改革开放的持续推进。全国金融工作会议将防范金融风险放在“三大任务”之首,随着金融业加强整顿与监管,尽管局部风险有所暴露,但有助于系统性风险的下降。金融体系回归服务实体经济的健康状态,有助于继续加大金融改革与开放的力度,其中“债券通”落地和A股被纳入MSCI指数就具有标志性意义,可吸引更多海外投资者参与中国市场。六是人民币贬值压力得到释放,近期升值扭转了贬值预期。人民币汇率在经历一段时期的贬值后,贬值压力得到一定程度的释放,再加上近期升值趋势越来越明朗化,升值预期就会逐步积累,达成共识。

长期展望:弹性增加,整体强势

一是人民币汇率市场化改革将继续推进,汇率弹性进一步加大。全国金融工作会议指出要“深化人民币汇率形成机制改革,稳步推进人民币国际化,稳步实现资本项目可兑换”。人民币汇率走出贬值通道,为进一步推进金融改革与开放提供了良好的外部宏观环境。预计随着人民币汇率市场化形成机制改革的推进,未来人民币汇率弹性将进一步加大,并逐步实现宽幅双向波动,短期的升值与贬值都将是市场在实现内外部均衡过程中的正常表现。

二是从长期来看,人民币仍将是具有较强购买力的强势货币。购买力仍是一国汇率中长期最主要的支撑因素,中国作为全球最大的制造业国家,支撑其后的是人民币具有换取优质和充足商品的能力。据世界银行主导的ICP项目测算,目前人民币采用购买力平价计算仍处于低估状态。而从未来影响购买力的因素来看,无论是广义货币增速(已降至个位数),还是通货膨胀(当前不足2%,预期稳定),均不支持人民币购买力发生剧烈下降。

作者单位:民生银行研究院 来源:上海证券报

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