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建筑工程劳务分包合同中的“局”
2017-08-11 03:53:47 中国青年网
如何认定保证金、逾期付款利息
案情回放:劳务公司派人进场后并向建筑公司支付了50万元保证金。在施工的过程中,因多方原因中途停工,建筑公司出具了《工程情况说明》,即向劳务公司承担窝工损失赔偿。在此之后,建筑公司与劳务公司签订了《付款协议书》,约定了按照合同约定的计算方式计算的工程款、窝工损失、临时设施施工费用等总计448余万元,并约定了逾期付款利息按照年利率24%计算。后来,建筑公司与劳务公司签订了《赔偿协议书》,约定建筑公司向劳务公司赔偿各项损失合计50万元。《工程情况说明》、《付款协议书》、《赔偿协议书》均有建筑公司现场代表曾某的签字。在案例中,保证金和逾期付款利息是如何认定的呢?
律师解读:首先,我们来看看保证金在法律上到底是指什么?根据《合同法》的规定,本案中的保证金本质上属于定金性质,根据“定金罚则”,交付定金的一方不履行合同将可能失去全部定金,收取定金一方不履行合同可能双倍返还定金。但是在建筑领域实务中,缴纳保证金的现象十分普遍,除非明确约定外,基本上没有适用“定金罚则”,等同于“订金”,最终作为工程款予以抵扣或返还给交款方。
其次,案件中关于逾期付款利息的约定是否过高?根据《最高人民法院关于审理民间借贷案件适用法律若干问题的规定》第二十六条的规定,24%的年利率应当受到法律保护。但是《建设工程施工合同解释》第六条又明确规定,建设工程领域的垫资利息约定不能高于同期银行贷款利率,24%年利率显然太高,那么超出部分应当予以调整。本案中关于利息的约定视作民间借贷的利息还是垫资利息存在重大分歧,本案为建设工程施工合同纠纷,在实际履行中欠付工程款似乎与垫资修建没有本质区别,似乎垫资利息更相符合法律规制的本意。为减少歧义,合同当事人应当对于垫资修建或垫资利息的约定在签订合同之时进行书面约定,明确垫资金额、方式、利息计算、垫资返还等事项。本案中当事人在签订合同之时显然没有进行书面明确约定,而是在双方进行了结算之后,才约定了付款时间、金额、利息,该利息约定等同于双方约定的垫资利息,尽管是事后补签,但该协议并不违反法律禁止性规定,除非有相反证据证明,该垫资协议应当适用《最高人民法院关于审理民间借贷案件适用法律若干问题的规定》第二十六条,并且应当得到人民法院的支持,如果无论事前还是事后都没有就该垫资金使用形式进行明确约定,就只能适用《建设工程施工合同解释》第六条,从而会给劳务公司的利益造成较大损害。
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