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古人避暑门道多

2017-08-08 04:02:12   中国青年网

古代还有一种用象牙编织的凉席,叫做“牙簟”,是明清时期广州的传统工艺。故宫博物院研究员刘岳推测,早在汉代就有了编织象牙席的做法,《魏书·列传第三十·韩务》载:“务献七宝床、象牙席。”刘歆也在《西京杂记》记载,汉成帝皇后赵飞燕妹妹赵合德所居昭阳殿卧室,就有“玉几、玉床、白象牙簟、绿熊席”。

如果你想看象牙席的实物,可以去故宫博物院的珍宝馆,那里展出过一件雍正年间、长度超过2米的编织象牙席。据造办处活计档记载,宫中象牙席共有5张,至今只剩3张。

那么,做一张席子到底要用多少象牙呢?

有学者研究,象牙的加工制作非常费料。仅仅是制作象牙筷子,因要将象牙先锯成板片状,再锯成长条、找规矩、磨平,象牙料的利用率只有40%-60%。而如将象牙劈成篾状做席子,利用率不足10%。以故宫展出的这件象牙席为例,长2.16米、宽1.39米的象牙席,如果用2毫米宽的扁平象牙篾条横竖交错编织,长宽至少需要1775根象牙篾条,再按利用率折算,原材料大概要准备两万根细如米粒直径大小的象牙条。

这件象牙席的席背,用枣红色绫缎包裹,边沿包有黑色缎边,显得雍容华贵。席面通体编织成人字形纹路,由薄如竹篦、宽仅2毫米的扁平象牙条编织而成。席子纹理细密均匀,席面平整光滑,收卷自如。其牙丝细薄无比,至今仍洁白柔润,凉爽宜人。

坚硬的象牙,如何制作成柔软的席子?睡在上面不硌人吗?明代祝京兆在《野记》中记载了这种工艺:“凡象牙齿之中悉是逐条纵攒于内,用法煮软,牙逐条抽出之,柔韧如线,以织为席。”当时,广州的工匠利用象牙细致的纹理与韧性,先用药水将象牙浸泡煮软,劈成均匀的薄片,再磨制出洁白的光泽,然后编织成各种纹饰。这样编织出的席子,还能像竹席那样卷起来收纳。

不过,象牙席的缺点是用料名贵,工序繁多,造价昂贵,劳民伤财。崇尚勤俭的清雍正皇帝,传旨不许再造象牙席,刹住了这股奢靡之风。

炎炎夏日,建在地下的冰窖

早在3000多年前的商代贵族,就开始在冬日凿冰贮藏于窖,以备来年盛夏消暑之需。周朝将用冰制度化,据《周礼》记载,周王室为保证夏天有冰块使用,还专门成立了相应的机构管理“冰政”,负责人称“凌人”。这个部门有80名职工,他们一般从每年十二月开始凿冰,运至名叫“凌阴”的冰窖中储存。

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