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古人避暑门道多

2017-08-08 04:02:12   中国青年网

到了隋唐时期,聪明的古人发明了瓷枕,表面覆以青釉,冰凉通透,清凉解暑,上至皇宫贵族、下至平民百姓都很热捧。李清照在《醉花阴》中记载了消夏的日常“玉枕纱橱,半夜凉初透”,此“玉枕”并非慈禧太后的玉石枕头,而是青白釉枕,因其清白如玉,故喻“玉枕”。

瓷枕在盛夏炎热的夜晚,带给人一丝从头至脚的幽凉。“半窗千里月,一枕五更风,瓷枕通灵气,全胜玳与珊。眠云浑不觉,梦蝶更应安。忘机堪画寝,一枕最幽宜。”不同年代的瓷枕,器型也不一样,唐代造型中规中矩,方正平坦;到了宋代,瓷枕的长度增长,高度增高,枕面平坦变凹曲,圆滑舒适,贴近颈部,设计十分人性化;元代束腰形瓷枕比较常见,明清时期,瓷枕渐渐衰落了。

孩儿枕是瓷枕的“变形记”,工匠将枕头做成一个胖乎乎、笑眯眯的小孩的模样,非常讨人喜欢。成都博物馆收藏了一件孩儿枕,是北宋定窑烧制的精品,小孩侧卧在榻上,娇憨可爱,好像午睡时正在翻身,形态生动,瓷胎细腻均匀,釉色白中带暖,润滑柔和。

最有技术含量的瓷枕,叫“冷暖枕”。这种瓷枕做了个中空的夹层,连着注水口,夏天注入清凉的井水,冬天灌入热水,再垫上枕巾,简直冬暖夏凉。受这种“冷暖枕”的启发,古人把枕头做成了“藏宝箱”,小小的透气孔、注水口成了机密资料的藏身所。传说,黄石公所授张良的《素书》就被藏于枕中下葬,后为盗墓人发现,流传于世。

太奢侈:象牙编织凉席

就像现代人一样,还未立夏,家家户户都翻出竹席清洗晾晒,以备突如其来的桑拿天。著名历史学者倪方六介绍,古人使用凉席的历史由来已久,特别是有钱的古人,尤其偏爱两种凉席。

一种是“四川造”的桃笙,选料十分讲究,要用四川阆中山的桃笙竹篾编织而成,最大的特点是人睡在上面凉爽不出汗。魏晋时期,桃笙天下闻名,西晋左思《吴都赋》记载“桃笙象簟,韬于筒中。”还有一种叫“黄琉璃”,竹篾加工时比桃笙磨得更细,这样编织出来的竹席黄亮似琉璃。黄琉璃是送礼佳品,唐代任衢州刺史的郑群曾经“暑中送席”,韩愈收到礼物十分高兴,挥毫写下《郑群赠簟》纪念道:“蕲州笛竹天下知,郑君所宝尤瑰奇。携来当昼不得卧,一府传看黄琉璃。体坚色净又藏节,尽眼凝滑无瑕疵……”

如果只是用竹篾做凉席,不足以彰显上流社会的贵族气质,于是,廉价的竹子被玉石、象牙等珍惜的材料所替代。

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