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为你朗读 ▏斯雄《大通记》

2017-08-07 18:31:02   央广网

和悦洲与大通隔鹊江相望,相伴而生,一荣俱荣。繁盛时期,大通的精华,尽在和悦洲上。

据考证,西汉时期大通被称为“梅根冶”,唐代在河口设水路驿站,名大通驿。至宋时,大通商旅兴盛,“日出而市,及午而散”的集市活动已具规模,南宋诗人杨万里在《舟过大通镇》中留有“渔罾最碍船”、“鱼蟹不论钱”的描述。明代洪武初年,大通设有巡检司、河泊所、驿运站等机构。

大通的繁荣主要得益于盐业,而这与曾国藩、李鸿章密不可分。早在道光二十九年(一八四九年),清政府为统购食盐,在大通设立盐务管理机构─楚西掣验局,负责管理长江下游开往江西、湖南、湖北、安徽各省的盐船,过境盐船凭票纳税,每票徵税银二十八两。每月经大通港进出口食盐达十万担以上,被朝廷赞为“长江食盐集散地”。一八六五年,曾国藩将楚西掣验局更名为盐务招商局,并在和悦洲大关口建造官衙,专理大通的招商、验照、抽秤、收厘等事务。李鸿章接管大清盐务后,将大通盐务招商局改为大通盐务督销总局,在和悦洲设有皖岸督销分局,另一分局设在芜湖。

至晚清,和悦洲上人烟辐辏,颇具城镇规模。彭玉麟在此练兵筹饷,在洲上设大通参将衙,驻参将(正三品武官)统帅水陆清军近千人。在此期间,和悦洲上建成三条用麻石条铺成的街道,分别是头街、二街、三街,直通江滨。由于洲上茅屋毗连,火灾不断,彭氏将三条街上的十条巷弄均以三点水偏旁的江、汉、澄、清、浩、泳、潆、洄、汇、洙十字命名,意在以水克火,消灾祈福。后建的三条巷弄亦援例命名为河、洛、沧。和悦洲的头街临江,主要以商舖店面为主,二街、三街主要是办公、文化教育及居民生活区。“三街十三巷”由此而闻名,形成密集街市建筑群,助力大通及和悦洲逐渐成为安徽著名的米市、鱼市和盐市。

当地人很自豪地说:“很多人不知道,《中英烟台条约》中就提到过我们大通呢。”

这让多少了解一点中国近代史的我,愈加惶恐。查一八七六年九月十三日签订的《中英烟台条约》,在“第三端 通商事务”第一款中,果然有此一段:

“……至沿江安徽之大通、安庆,江西之湖口,湖广之武穴、陆溪口、沙市等处均系内地处所,并非通商口岸,按长江统共章程,应不准洋商私自起下货物,今议通融办法,轮船准暂停泊,上下客商货物,皆用民船起卸,仍照内地定章办理。除洋货半税单照章查验免厘,其有报单之土货,只准上船,不准卸卖外,其馀应完税厘,由地方官自行一律妥办。外国商民不准在该处居住,开设行栈。”

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