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樊纲:人口向大城市集聚还是大趋势

2017-08-07 11:33:15   央广网

土地制度的改革问题包括土地制度的安排及土地制度如何适应城市化的变化,包括两个方面,一方面是城乡建设用地制度的改变和适应性问题。我国是个人口大国,需要很高的粮食自给率,从而需要足够的耕地来保护粮食安全,因此我国对建设用地的安排实行了严格的计划分配制度。尽管如此,我国近年来也做了相应的制度调整。比如,实行了增减挂钩的制度,农村建设用地减少和城市建设用地增加相挂钩,总体上没有变化。这种制度延伸出重庆的地票制度,农村退出来的宅基地复垦之后,在交易所可以购买土地额度,发挥市场的作用。另外,我们也在尝试地方建设用地的指标和落户人口增加数额相挂钩的制度,鼓励城市让更多人落户。

另一方面是进城农民的农村承包地和宅基地的处置问题。对承包地流转的产权保护,政府进行了一些基本的制度安排,这在一定程度上有利于农村规模化的经营,专门从事农业经营的企业可以通过承包地的流转,以租赁或者入股的方式把土地集中起来,进行更高效的经营和开发。宅基地目前也可以通过出租、转让、入股等方式得到更高效的利用,农民可以获得财产性的收入。

徐林强调,“城市化”可能是中国未来一段时间最重要的结构性改革。现在我国城镇居民和农民的人均收入的差距是2.7倍左右,全世界差距的平均水平是1.5倍,“城市化”可以大大提高中国劳动力和土地资源配置的效率,这个空间非常巨大。

徐林(北大国家发展研究院 供图)

(人民日报中央厨房 智观天下工作室出品,苏建文、臧谋安等整理)

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