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“灰犀牛”,究竟什么来头?(热点聚焦)

2017-08-07 06:32:46   中国青年网

类似的还有卡特里娜飓风事件。2005年8月25日,卡特里娜飓风首次从美国佛罗里达登陆,29日再次登陆墨西哥湾沿岸新奥尔良外海岸,给新奥尔良市造成了极大破坏,是美国历史上损失最严重的自然灾害之一。而当年1月,市政高官就已看到了一份详尽的灾难预防计划书,飓风到来前一个月还召开了关于飓风准备工作的研讨会,但政府推迟了飓风防御工作并拒绝采纳相关建议,最终飓风狂扫,造成巨灾。

渥克还认为,类似美国“挑战者号”航天飞机失事这种突发事件,其实也是“灰犀牛”。从1977年起,航天飞机制造商就发现火箭推进器中存在一个设计缺陷,在外部环境温度较低时进行发射,可能导致严重的风险,就在发射航天飞机那个早晨,几位工程师还提出警告。但美国国家航天局没有理会这些警告,结果酿成悲剧。事后调查表明,只需要将发射调整到一个相对温暖的天气,所有损失都可以避免。

“风险总是被提起,却又总是被忽略。”董希淼指出,从国外这些“灰犀牛”事件来看,发生的关键在于大多数人对于可预见的危机熟视无睹,不及时采取行动,终致重大危机。

我们身边有没有正在发生的“灰犀牛”?当然也有,比如全球气候变暖。科学家们已经指出,二氧化碳浓度如果超过350ppm(百万分率)就非常危险,而2015年已经达到了400ppm。气候变化导致一次又一次的灾难,尽管危害显而易见,但全球气候谈判举步维艰,近期美国更是一意孤行地退出了《巴黎协定》,让气候变化这一“灰犀牛”事件仍在不断向我们逼近。

“黑天鹅”要防,“灰犀牛”也要防

早识别、早预警、早发现、早处置,守住不发生系统性金融风险的底线

“研究‘灰犀牛’,最终是要防范类似风险发生。”胡怡建说,“灰犀牛”事件是可防可控的,对这些风险要早识别、早预警、早发现、早处置,化未来的大震为今天的小震,一点点去处理,不要让其最后引发大的系统性风险,否则对经济会造成更严重的伤害。

事实上,作为不同的风险事件类型,“灰犀牛”和“黑天鹅”有区别更有联系,不能将两种事件完全割裂,要从偶然发生的小概率“黑天鹅”事件背后,发现和防控必然发生的大概率“灰犀牛”系统性风险。防范当前金融风险,必须既防“黑天鹅”,也防“灰犀牛”。

“党中央非常重视防范和化解金融风险,始终要求守住底线,特别是守住不发生系统性金融风险的底线。”中央财经领导小组办公室经济一局局长王志军表示,“黑天鹅”和“灰犀牛”都有可能冲击金融风险的底线,要以不同的思路和办法应对防范。

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