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“灰犀牛”,究竟什么来头?(热点聚焦)

2017-08-07 06:32:46   中国青年网

“概率大、破坏力强是‘灰犀牛’事件最重要的特征。”中国社科院金融所银行研究室主任曾刚指出,“灰犀牛”事件的风险其实很容易被发现,却被大多数人选择性地忽视,或者将其当作一种正常的现象来认可或接受,以至于错失了最好的处理或控制风险的时机,最后可能导致极其严重的后果。

曾刚指出,从国外经验看,“灰犀牛”事件往往都是破坏力极强,一旦发生,对经济社会的负面影响很大。这一方面是因为“灰犀牛”风险的形成往往牵连甚广,要有效防范,从整体上进行统筹和推动,在制度惯性之下,这显然不是一件很容易的事情;另一方面是因为人们的主观意识存在偏向性,容易低估风险,对即将到来的祸患视而不见,贻误了最好的危机处理时机。

“黑天鹅”很多,“灰犀牛”也很多

很多危机事件,与其说是“黑天鹅”,不如说更像是“灰犀牛”

“灰犀牛”的提出,给原本为人们熟知的“黑天鹅”概念带来强烈冲击。在渥克看来,我们这个社会的绝大多数危机,并非发端于不可预测的小概率事件(“黑天鹅”),而是大概率、高风险事件(“灰犀牛”)不断演化的结果,这些风险的存在早就广为人知,却由于体制或认识的局限,没有得到积极防范和应对,最终升级为全面的系统性危机。

“很多危机事件,与其说是‘黑天鹅’,其实不如说更像是‘灰犀牛’。”上海财经大学教授胡怡建认为,“灰犀牛”与“黑天鹅”事件既有共同点,也有不同点,实际上两者之间并没有明显区分界限,在一定条件下又可互相转化。“黑天鹅”与“灰犀牛”犹如一对双生子,提醒人们对可能因为发生一些不寻常事件造成大震荡的大概率风险和小概率风险都应保持足够警惕。

2008年席卷全球的国际金融危机至今余波未平,在很多人看来,这场以雷曼兄弟突然倒闭为标志的风险事件是不可预测的“黑天鹅”,而现有的很多证据表明,源于美国“两房”(房地美、房利美)危机的风险,早已被频频预警,却被大多数人忽视。

2000年起美国房地产市场高度繁荣,房价持续上涨,住房抵押贷款规模不断攀升,在2007年达到总贷款的50%。2004年起美联储连续加息17次,联邦基金目标利率从1%升到5.25%,房价终于在2006年底止升回落,刺破了房市泡沫,并触发了次级抵押贷款的违约风险。而早在2004年,一份联邦调查局的报告警醒人们提防抵押欺诈的大范围爆发;2007年开始,国际货币基金组织和国际清算银行不断发出警告;2008年1月,达沃斯论坛的风险报告指出,预期的房地产市场衰退、流动性资金紧缩和居高不下的油价都实实在在地发生着,推高了经济崩溃的风险性。这期间的先知先觉者并不在少数,圣路易联邦银行总裁威廉·普尔和路易斯安那州的议员理查德·贝克都曾预言房利美和房地美将出现大问题,但直到2008年“雷曼时刻”,人们才开始意识到问题的严重性。

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