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招生难升学难就业难 戏曲教育如何破“难”前行

2017-08-06 14:02:14   央广网

实际上,院团的人才需求与院校的学生培养缺乏畅通的对接,也是导致就业难出现的重要原因之一。对此,“充分发挥戏曲院团育人的重要主体作用,鼓励校团共建实训基地” “推行订单培养。促进专业与职业、课程内容与职业标准、教学过程与戏曲创作表演过程衔接”等在《意见》中被明确提出。

采访中,师生均表示订单培养、校团合作等形式“优势明显”,“合作是招生与招工结合、实习与就业同步,如此一来,戏曲演员职业要求与专业人才培养实现了对接。”谢玉辉积极赞赏这样的“现代师徒制”,“校团共同参与教学,也使教学针对性更强、效果更好。”

对院团来讲,校团合作无疑也是利好。黄珊珊说,“近几年,北京市属几个院团演员青黄不接,应院团申请,我们与北方昆曲剧院、中国评剧院、北京市河北梆子剧团、北京市曲剧团等院团合作招收学生。各剧院团参与招生、共同制定培养方案和教学计划,并派出优秀演员给学生上课,加强了专业能力训练。所培养的学生毕业后择优进团,有效促进了产教融合。”

地方戏人才培养,切忌一哄而上、生搬硬套

“据不完全统计,以往累计进入现代戏曲职业教育(不包含以团带班)的剧种不超过100种,能列入常年招生计划的不过30种左右,可以说,此前有2/3的地方戏剧种,如很多秧歌戏、道情戏、目连戏、傩戏品种,从来没有开展现代职业教育的机会。当现代职业教育已经成为当代戏曲人才培养的主渠道时,这些地方剧种处于被现代职业教育所遗忘的角落。”文化部民族民间文艺发展中心研究员张刚表示,“人才兴则剧种兴。只有不断培养出地方戏的高质量后备人才,才能保证地方戏的繁荣发展,满足群众多样化的欣赏需求。”

《意见》特别提出:“着力支持基层戏曲院团发展,加强地方戏人才培养。”于张刚来看,“这是一个重要的政策导向。就是说,戏曲教育不仅要继续面向像京剧、昆曲一类具有标志性、代表性的大剧种,还要特别面向基层、面向地方戏。”

“不过,在贯彻落实《意见》时,应该结合每个学校、每个戏曲专业、每个剧种的现状来区别对待,万不可一哄而上。”谢玉辉所在的山西是戏曲大省,他举例说,晋剧是全省性大剧种,晋剧专业及民营院团遍布大半个省份,因此,晋剧表演人才需求量便较大。而蒲剧主要是流行于晋南地区的临汾、运城,上党梆子主要流行于晋东南地区的长治、晋城,北路梆子主要是流行于晋北地区的忻州、朔州、大同,这三个剧种的生存地域比晋剧要小,人才的需求量也相应地比晋剧少得多。“因此,我们对于山西四大梆子的人才培养工作便不能同样对待,要根据实际具体分析。大量培养戏曲人才是好事,但如果出现戏曲人才滞留、难以消化,戏曲人才就业问题便会更加严峻,也会造成戏曲教学资源的浪费。”

当许多地方戏进入教育体系时,不可避免地会向其它剧种借鉴教育经验。对此,谢玉辉谈道,“兄弟院校、兄弟剧种的教学方法、教学剧目、表演技巧等应该互相学习,但要活学活用,切忌生搬硬套。如果那样,学生就容易失去本剧种、本专业的特色。这是必须要避免的。”

此外,哪些剧种更适合现代职业教育传承,哪些剧种还需保留民间传承形态,张刚以为“还需要仔细论证研究、审慎而为”。

中国戏曲学院院长巴图表示,我国现有约300个剧种,如果都纳入正规的学校教育并不现实,“戏曲院校应结合基层戏曲院团的需求,以全国地方戏曲剧种普查数据为基础,以世界级、国家级非遗剧种为重点,坚持抢救和发展‘两条腿’走路。”

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