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制造业逃离珠三角真相:高端智能化 中低端小型化

2017-08-05 10:01:32   央广网

外迁实际是恶性循环

保持竞争力还要苦练内功

日前,渣打银行发布的《珠三角制造商第8期年度调研报告》显示,工资上涨、用工荒是中国制造业面临的几个重大挑战。为解决这些问题,高端制造商正专注于追加投资以提高生产效率,而低端制造商则倾向于通过迁厂应对成本上涨。

在渣打银行调查的200多家珠三角制造企业中,68%的受访企业计划增加2017年的资本支出。渣打银行大中华区研究部高级经济师刘健恒说:“尽管迁离产能日益成为珠三角制造商面对挑战的一项长期解决办法,但并非所有企业都将追逐廉价劳动力视作唯一解决办法。许多制造企业将当前面临的挑战视为追加投资以改善成本结构、提高生产率和竞争力的催化剂,多数高端制造企业应对之策仍然是更多投资于自动化和流水线工艺或资本设备。”

在曾华看来,工厂外迁看似是主动行为,但实际上是被动选择,表明企业缺乏核心竞争力。“外搬实际是恶性循环,因为每个地方的成本都会不断上涨。要保持竞争力,还是要苦练内功。未来珠三角制造业肯定是要往高端化、智能化方向发展。”

“我们的愿景是把工厂打造成无线通信领域的首家智能工厂,现在距离这个目标还很远。”在曾华畅想中,未来的工厂应该是自动化和信息化率很高的工厂,但并不是无人工厂。“未来,工厂的运营将依靠系统,很多脑力劳动将被信息化取代,体力劳动用自动化解决。人只是工厂的设计者。”

渣打银行华南区总经理兼深圳分行行长马健说:“高端制造业大多通过提高生产率来应对挑战,自动化既能缓解高工资的压力,同时也反映出商品生产复杂程度的日益增加。高端制造商通过生产更加精密和复杂的商品提升在制造业价值链中的位置,同时以合理成本维持高额产出。随着时间推进,这种努力将转化为可持续的利润。”

受采购期集中影响,海能达主营业务具有很强的季节波动性,淡季时,其全球制造基地的过半产能可用于为其他科技企业代工。曾华说:“海能达做代工收费不低,但订单量依然很多。去年,我们还向一个老客户提出提价15%的要求,对方一口就答应了。因为我们在代工制造环节,给客户提供了很多建议,帮助他们改良产品,大幅降低了他们的售后服务成本,他们的利润反而增加了。”

刘健恒说:“这表明,如果企业在微观层面做出正确的行为调整,劳动力短缺及其他挑战将给总体经济发展带来积极影响。”

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