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双姓同祠乡村“和文化”的生动诠释
2017-08-05 04:34:05 中国青年网
无论是刘、萧两个宗族各自修谱还是共同建造一个祠堂,“双姓同祠”的现象在全国来说都是一种文化奇观。“双姓同祠”的潜在功能在于创造原来根本不存在的继嗣群体或者巩固原来人际关系较为松散的宗族组织,这是从个人到宗族再到一个民族形成过程中不可或缺的基础。巩固村落中松散的个体和不同族群,在历史上不仅仅是一种力量的凝结,也是内部整合各种关系的“天平”。“双姓同祠”将两个不同的姓氏宗族组织起来,形成一股合力,调整矛盾,并将其控制在一定的范围之内,维持了统一和谐的局面。在经历了各种政治运动以后,琵琶岗村的刘姓和萧姓的宗族体系已经没有了共同财产,但是仍然保持了“双姓同祠”的统一性,原因就在于大家都承认拥有共同的祖先,并且两个共同祖先以儒家信念“义”结合在一起,延续至今。
2.古戏台:融洽家族、和谐邻里的公共空间
“水月镜花”古戏台位于琵琶岗村南街的萧刘二氏公祠内。戏台建于明末清初时期,最初隶属于山陕会馆,是本村以及附近地区重要的文化娱乐场所。村民对祁戏很痴迷,村里一直流传着一句顺口溜,“听到锣鼓响,全身都发痒”。该村还有自己的祁戏班,据村中老人回忆,“计划经济时期,制作一件精良的戏服花费不菲,村民们便从县祁剧团‘收购’旧衣服,以全村每人出一只鸡和两头猪的价格,换回一批绣工考究的戏服,并一直使用到现在”。目前,戏班人数约20人,免费为当地演戏。
戏楼与宗祠共同构成了萧氏和刘氏共同的仪式空间、娱乐空间及日常生活空间。定期在祠堂举办祭祖仪式,关乎着整个家族情感的维系。戏楼每晚演出祁戏,是融洽家族、和谐邻里的重要平台。在平时,宗祠也为族人提供日常聊天的休憩之所。因此,保护好宗祠、戏楼等传统公共建筑,对于增强宗族凝聚力发挥着至关重要的作用。
3.异姓联宗:以和为贵的信仰基石
据《刘氏宗谱·楚南刘氏淑远公派下(宁远)》崇本堂印本记载,五百多年前,刘氏祖仕高公从冷水洞迁居冯石,又迁居琵琶岗村,在琵琶岗仕高公与一位萧姓族人结拜兄弟后建村。刘、萧两姓家族共建了一座大公厅,中厅正中悬挂“异源同流”的裱金大匾。琵琶岗村刘、萧两姓异姓联宗的历史由此开始。
《刘氏宗谱》家训共19条,分别为:敦孝弟、睦宗族、和乡党、重农桑、尚节俭、黜异端、明礼让、务本业、训子弟、完国课、解仇忿、展祠墓、隆师友、振纲常、饬伦纪、正名分、近忧喜、勤字说、懒字说。《萧氏家谱》家训10条,分别为:敬天祖、爱亲长、课子孙、睦族邻、隆师友、凛国宪、振家规、励廉耻、崇节俭、勤耕地。通过对比可以发现,两家宗谱都强调人伦孝悌、纲常之道、明礼知礼,“和气聚一团,家道必昌盛”。
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