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全球化3.0时代的外语学习:从“独尊英语”走向多语互补

2017-08-04 12:32:48   央广网

在单一的语言工具性价值取向下,语言被作为一种知识对象。机械式的外语学习由此脱离了思想与人文范畴。把语言当作一个自主、封闭的组织结构,割裂了语言与文学、文化与区域国别等知识课程体系的联系,由此形成了全球化时代外语教育的语言“孤岛”。

可以说,这一外语学习的传统范式,其优点是满足了基础层次有限的外语学习需求,同时也便于外语评价和考试选拔。但是,这一范式却忽视了语言的社会应用价值,缺乏开放性和交际性。

另外,一谈到外语学习,很多人会说,学外语的关键是“学以致用”,这也客观说明外语学习本身的使用价值明显。但是,从语言工具主义角度看,外语学习还具有较强的交换价值,人们往往希望“投资”外语学习来获得较好的经济回报和收益。因此,在高考招生时,外语专业或涉外专业受到追捧就不足为奇了。

外语工具主义强调语言教育的标准化和可测量性,伴随着外语评价制度的建立,外语考试、考证、考级和专业资质等外语制度化话语日趋形成,学习者通过获取相关外语证书或涉外文凭等“资本”,即可获得相应的回报和收益。

须知,语言工具主义是一把“双刃剑”。本来,使用价值与交换价值应当形成互补关系,才能真正实现工具价值。但现实情况却是,外语学习的使用价值效果不彰,而交换价值则被过度强化和滥用,导致工具价值出现异化和偏离。在现实社会中,人们更关心的是外语证书或文凭背后的资本溢出效应,容易忽略真正的外语能力与文化素养的提高。因此,在激烈的社会竞争中,外语证书的交换价值往往会被某些部门和机构误用甚至滥用。

记得国内某航空公司曾在高校举办校园招聘会,要求机务、签派、地勤等岗位的应聘者须持有大学英语六级证书甚至是英文专业八级证书。而有些令人吃惊的是,对于民航飞行员,民航总局提出的要求是通过大学英语四级即可。这一“双重标准”真是让人匪夷所思。

类似的案例还有不少。比如国内某一线城市在对外省市毕业生落户的打分指标体系中,明文规定了英语四、六级成绩均占有不同分值,但对汉语能力和普通话水平却没有任何要求。更有甚者,在一些社交网络论坛上,外语证书居然也成为了交友或择偶的必要条件。这些怪象频频出现,让人哭笑不得。原本只是对外语学习效果评价的一纸证书,后来居然被滥用到决定能否就业、定居甚至是交友的重要指标。可以说,当学习外语的目的不是能否熟练使用该语言,而是成为判断个人外语水平以外能力的“一把尺子”,由此足见外语学习的工具价值,已出现了一定的偏离和异化。

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