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内蒙古:为沙化做“减法” 为绿色做“加法”

2017-08-04 07:12:23   中国青年网

一方面是用现代化的方式绿化造林,另一方面则是加强天然草原恢复与治理。

内蒙古草原自然区域占中国草场面积35%以上。什么样的草可以在沙化土地上存活?许多农牧民心中都藏着这样的疑问。

“有好的草源,才能有好的畜牧业。”内蒙古蒙草生态环境集团执行总裁高俊刚的想法是,围绕“草、草原、草产业”做文章,开展生态修复、种业科技、现代草业三大产业线,通过调研每一个地方的土壤类型、水土情况,掌握该区域环境中最适宜生长的草种,针对特定土壤,选育原生性植物种类量化配比,恢复完整生物链条,“用一方植物修复一方生态”。

这家坚持20年收集草原种子资源的企业,目前已拥有草种资源1700多种、8000余份,土壤1.3万多份,涵盖了荒漠化地区、盐碱地地区、干旱地区和高寒地区的植物和土壤种类,成为国内最完备的草原乡土植物种质资源库。在此基础上,他们构建了“草原生态产业大数据平台”。西至阿拉善盟,东到呼伦贝尔市,锁定平台列表上任一经纬度草种的分布区,就能查询相应的环境科研数据集,可为相关部门提供生态治理方案,可以指导农牧民作业。

“生态最主要的是平衡。”高俊刚总结了退耕还草的相关经验,“要适地适情研究生态修复,找到适合当地的品种用在当地,才能经得起自然的检验。”

致力于对中国第七大沙漠库布其沙漠进行治理的亿利资源集团,研发了100多项生态种植与产业技术,培育了1000多个耐寒、耐旱、耐盐碱生态品种,组织农牧民合作推广种植,并向海外输出转移生态修复技术。近30年来,亿利在内蒙古治理沙漠1万多平方公里,形成了以生态修复、绿色能源、健康、旅游为代表的千亿规模的沙漠绿洲经济产业。

2012年,呼和浩特市委、市政府实施大青山前坡生态保护综合治理工程,关停取缔了沿山268家污染企业。土地沙化、植被破坏严重的大青山前坡,重新栽植上了乔灌木、牧草和生态景观林。通过草原生态修复建设,位于呼和浩特大青山南坡的呼和塔拉的近1.8万亩草原,已恢复成近似原始的植被面貌,成为距首府最近的自然草原观光区。

为了加强天然草原的恢复与治理,内蒙古自治区不断推出并落实一系列草原生态保护补助奖励政策。据内蒙古自治区发展和改革委员会提供的数据,10.2亿亩可利用草原全部纳入了保护范围,禁牧休牧4.05亿亩、草畜平衡6.15亿亩。全区每年完成草原建设4500万亩以上,天然草原生态逐步好转,植被盖度达到44%,比“十一五”末提高7个百分点,已接近上世纪80年代中期的最好水平。

在荒漠中植树造林,在城市中打造绿带。内蒙古自治区坚持不懈致力于生态治理,京津风沙源、三北防护林、天然林资源保护、退耕还林、退牧还草等重点生态建设工程先后实施。70年来,内蒙古实现了森林面积和蓄积量持续“双增长”、荒漠化和沙化土地“双减少”。

不知不觉,在那片由黄变绿的土地上,殷玉珍的绿洲治沙造林公司和玉珍沙漠绿洲生态园也已经走过了12个春秋。如今,她和丈夫依旧每天背着铁铲,牵着6岁的孙子走向远方的沙头,去拓展更多绿色。

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