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法国国家公园面面观:山水长存

2017-07-24 14:59:41   中国青年网

然而,多部法律的繁杂条款,以及原先基本套用美国模式实施中央垂直管理、脱离地方政府及当地社区,给处在国家公园及自然保护区周边的社区和民众带来了极大的不便,同时也让当地政府及社区参与保护的积极性大为降低。

从2006年起,法国政府开始改革国家公园体制,注重保护和利用二者兼顾。主要的方式就是形成国家公园与周边区域的共同管理,并带动地方绿色发展。中央与地方政府、社会组织共同签署宪章,制定法规、规划和相关技术标准,再由国家公园管理局、地方政府和专家等多方共同组成的国家公园董事会决定如何管理。法国环境部及有关部委的地方机构、社会专业团体以及科技、文化、旅游等部门共同组成委员会,参与管理事务。

国家公园的周边区域都成为加盟区,只要在加盟区范围内,地方政府、社区及民众都能通过国家公园产品品牌增值体系受益。建立了国家公园产品品牌增值体系,是法国国家公园体制改革成果之一,它使相关产业都能受益。

高度重视生物多样性保护

为应对全球范围内越来越严峻的生态环境问题,法国也在不断完善环保模式和理念。2017年初,法国新成立的“生物多样性署”正式挂牌办公,该机构由国家水资源和水环境局、自然监测技术中心、法国国家公园及海洋区域管理局和国家植物保护委员会合并组成,主要负责自然资源管理与保护,包括海洋公园管理、环境保护及防治外来入侵物种。

根据国际自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录,法国有近9%的哺乳类动物、24%的爬行类动物、23%的两栖类动物、22%的淡水鱼及32%的筑巢鸟类濒危。2016年8月,法国曾出台一项生物多样性恢复法令,要求尽可能抢救、保护濒危动植物,并提出将根据该法令设置生物多样署,旨在整合各方力量,加强生物多样性保护的公共政策,整治与土壤、水域及海洋相关的动植物多样性问题。除环境及能源管理署外,生物多样性署是法国解决环境问题的第二大机构。

中法开展国家公园合作

在不断加强和完善本国境内生态环境保护措施的同时,法国也积极在世界范围内与各国开展交流合作,希望携手共同应对复杂的挑战。2016年,法国开发署与中国国家公园试点之一的仙居国家公园之间的合作成为中法两国在生态环境保护领域合作的一个典范。法国开发署是一家法国政府全资拥有的公共金融机构,成立于1941年,2004年在华设立代表处,主要业务是减少城市发展的环境影响、促进低碳发展模式、保护自然资源及生物多样性。

位于浙江省的仙居国家公园是中国首批国家公园体制建设试点之一,自2015年11月仙居国家公园向国家发改委及财政部提交贷款申报后,法国开发署先后6次组织相关专家前往仙居进行实地甄别考察、调研评估,最终达成“仙居县域生物多样性保护及发展利用示范工程”。法国开发署投入7500万欧元低息贷款,并获得发改委及财政部的批准,正式将贷款列入仙居国家公园的规划。这笔资金主要用于自然遗产保护工程、生态修复工程、文化遗产保护工程、生态旅游、环境教育、社区发展和能力建设七个方面。

(本报巴黎7月23日电 本报驻巴黎记者 黄昊)

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