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章莹颖案:美国为什么不对嫌犯“上手段”

2017-07-16 19:37:51   

第五条稍费解。通俗地说,涉及刑事案件,当事人有权保护自己而不受政府摆布。举例而言,一个实施抢劫杀人行为而被抓的人,美国警方要是像包青天一样严令“从实招来!”或像派出所民警礼貌提醒“如实供述”,都属于“强迫”!因为嫌犯说了实话,就等于为警检背书出卖自身,嫌犯多半不会自投罗网,怎么能实话实说呢!他傻呀?!依据宪法第五修正案,嫌犯对美国警察非“说实话”的提问,也可以拒绝回答的。

可见,一是人们言论自由本来就有沉默不语的权利,二是人们有权不被迫参与指控自己,宪法保护嫌犯不坦白的权利,警方用刑是侵犯人权。加上美国第五条中的正当程序条款,美国警方怎么敢对不招的嫌犯上手段呢?

美国的法律文化说,坏蛋可以坏,政府不能坏,上手段用刑,那叫侵犯人权,不行。美国的法律偏向普通人被告。大陪审团决定不起诉,嫌犯就是无罪;绑架章女士的嫌犯昨天被大陪审团起诉,他仍然是无罪的;上了法庭,起决定性的小陪审团也可能判他无罪。就是最终判了他死刑,也不能刑讯逼供以挖掘余罪。

抢劫章女士的嫌犯美国警方不得上手段,除了违法或违反正当程序外,还有一个原因,不敢。用刑“撬嘴”,一撬,法院不买账,兴许就是反帮疑犯的忙让他逃脱了。

一般是不得撬嘴,也有新情况新考验。如果是恐怖分子在纽约安放了核弹,不上手段获取,就会让百万人包括审讯者及其妻子儿女失去生命,这时对抓获的知情者是不是严守法律保护人权不用刑,才是美国大法官也难以回答的真正两难。

正因为政府不能对嫌犯上手段,所以,美国嫌犯除了不自由,往往牛得很,警察反倒小心翼翼、战战兢兢,常常对嫌犯非常客气。比方说,审讯时,嫌犯打了个呵欠说:爷们昨晚睡得不好,今天不想说话。警方就会合上讯问记录陪笑说:辛苦了,那就明天再说吧。千万不能说“放老实点”,也不能说“你要再拖时间,晚上会少一道菜”或“让你晚上喝稀饭”,那是语言暴力,属于上手段用刑;警方自证清白不了,凶犯就可能逍遥法外自由飞翔了。

美国警方的审讯程序,繁琐而又奇葩:在打开录音录像装置后,警察首先必须认真细致清晰地提醒疑犯:我们讯问你时候,你可千万不要随便坦白呀!等嫌犯点头说了“yes”后,才能开始审讯。

世界上真有这么蠢这么贱的警察?美国警察说,法官规定,没办法,伤不起。

文/吴忠

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