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第二条进藏“天路”即将修建 中科院为川藏铁路划选线工作提供科技支撑
川藏铁路泸定至康定段铁路走线计划穿越四川省甘孜藏族自治州康定市附近的日地沟。日地沟泥石流、崩塌滑坡等山地灾害数量较多,因此,对于这一地区泥石流、崩塌滑坡等山地灾害的危险性评价及其防治对策是确定此段铁路选线至关重要的条件之一。川藏铁路总体规划设计单位、中国中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司(中铁二院)高级工程师王栋介绍说,成都山地所完成了川藏铁路部分路段山地灾害多尺度危险性及风险分析,以及预测不同条件下泥石流、滑坡的动力参数分布和危险范围,在此基础上提出了铁路选线建议与方案。王栋表示,基于成都山地所系统的评价,中铁二院对铁路工程的规划设计有了更加可靠的科学依据:“日地沟以及瓦斯沟,这个区域从泸定到康定,一共只有短短几十公里,铁路爬升了1300米,这个过程中铁路的爬升是非常困难的,起到控制作用就是沿着瓦斯沟的山地灾害,日地沟的泥石流,以及瓦斯沟的崩塌和滑坡灾害,通过我们两家在这个区域做的共同的课题和研究,我们明确了在瓦斯沟哪些区域铁路不能走,以及日地沟最后铁路设计的桥高有多少,几次跨越瓦斯沟合适。”
川藏铁路西藏八宿县至林芝段特定的水文气候和地质地貌等自然地理环境,具备了多种泥石流灾害的孕灾和成灾条件,不仅发育了类似于中国西南地区的暴雨型泥石流,而且还孕育着丰富的以大量冰碛物与冰雪融水为水动力的巨型冰水泥石流,这类泥石流规模宏大,搬运力和破坏力极强,治理难度极大。成都山地所副研究员柳金峰介绍说,成都山地所通过建立冰川泥石流流量等系列关键参数的计算方法,提出了康定至林芝段山地灾害不同类型、不同危害方式与程度、不同性质、不同规模等条件下的防治对策。例如,通过计算八宿县桑格宗沟沟道断面过流能力,为川藏铁路通过桑格宗泥石流提出了对策建议:“初步的规划的线路从沟口通过或者以明线加桥梁通过。通过大量的计算,建议如果要以桥梁方式通过的话,桥梁净空要能达到一定的要求,要能达到排泄泥石流的设计标准,桥梁净空初步不小于12米4,针对这个沟,应该在流域中上游,采取一定的防治工程措施,我们才敢说,这个线路可以在一定的条件下从堆积扇通过。”
据了解,目前川藏铁路其中林芝至拉萨段、成都至雅安段已于2014年底动工建设,康定至林芝段的预可研工作也正在紧张地进行中,即将拉开川藏铁路全面开工建设的序幕。游勇表示,川藏铁路将是中国迄今为止自然条件、施工技术、灾害环境最为复杂和灾害防治难度最大的铁路工程。在如此复杂的地质环境条件下修建铁路,必将面临大量的科学和技术难题,其中山地灾害成为局部乃至全线的关键控制节点:“应该说,我们国家的技术水平,我们对山地灾害的认知,我们对川藏交通廊道山地灾害的防治还是有信心的。通过对泥石流、滑坡、崩塌、洪水等灾害在川藏交通廊道上怎么分布的,在选线规划中就会避开这些高危险的风险区。如果确实要通过一个泥石流沟,通过一个滑坡,根据现在国家对山地灾害知识的积累、技术的研发,也有新的技术和方法来支撑对这个山地灾害的防治工作。”
川藏线上一处典型的泥石流、滑坡区域 柳青摄
建设中的川藏铁路 拉萨至林芝段 柳青摄
中科院成都山地所总工程师游勇表示,对川藏交通廊道山地灾害的防治有信心。柳青摄
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